Critical Thinking and EBM

Question 1

What types of communication are there?

Answer 1

• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Public
• Mass

Question 2

What contexts of communication are there?

Answer 2

• Physical
• Socio-psychological
• Emotional
• Temporal

Question 3

What is critical thinking?

Answer 3

• ≠ Criticising
• Considers possible viewpoints and results in interpretation, analysis and evaluation of evidence and the conclusions inferred from that evidence

Question 4

What does critical thinking involve?

Answer 4

• Distinguishing between fact and opinion
• Evaluating the validity of information sources
• Analysing and challenging the observations, facts, inferences, assumptions and opinions in an argument
• Evaluations the validity of theories and their application

Question 5

What is the acronym concerning critical thinking?

Answer 5

• Analysis
• Research
• Evaluation
• Answer

Question 6

What is being looked for in analysis in critical thinking?

Answer 6

• Assumptions
• Correlation vs Causality
• Generalisations
• Contingency Variables

Question 7

What are assumptions?

Answer 7

• An unstated belief that supports the explicit reasoning
• Hidden and unstated (in most cases)
• Taken for granted
• Influential in determining the conclusion
• Potentially deceptive

Question 8

What kinds of assumptions are there?

Answer 8

• Prescriptive
  
  • Or value assumptions, are those taken for granted and often unstated beliefs
• Descriptive
  
  • Are explicit beliefs about the way the world is

Question 9

What are generalisations?

Answer 9

Gives a general rather than specific character to a subject

Question 10

What are fallacies?

Answer 10

• An argument in which the premises given for the consulting do not provide the needed degree of support
• Logical error leading to false statement
• Develop based on generalisations
• Must be potentially deceptive and a common type of logical error

Question 11

What are contingency variables?

Answer 11

• Situational factor variables that moderate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
• Independent Variable - Thumbs Up Sign
• Contingency Variables - US & Iran
• Dependent Variable - Compliment & Insult

Question 12

What are the components of a good argument?

Answer 12

• Thesis that declares position
• Acknowledgement of opposing points of view
• Set of clearly defined premises that illustrate like of reasoning
• Evidence that validates the argument’s premises
• A consulting that convinces the audience the argument has been made soundly and persuasively

Question 13

What are the types of arguments?

Answer 13

• Deductive
  
  • An argument based on logical necessity, where the premises (appear to) provide complete support for the conclusion
  • Syllogisms
• Inductive
  
  • An argument where the premises provide some degree of support for the conclusion

Question 14

What is the rhetorical mix of persuasion?

Answer 14

• Logos
  
  • Appeal to logic
• Pathos
  
  • Appeal to emotions
• Ethos
  
  • Appeal to credibility (of persuader)

Question 15

Why is EBM important?

Answer 15

• Cognitive bias
• Management fads
• Experience doesn’t always translate across situations
• Theories legitimise actions and actions legitimise theories: self fufilling
• Obsolete assumptions e.g. Homo Economicus

Question 16

What are the elements of EBM?

Answer 16

• Demand evidence
• Examine lgoic
• Treat the origanisation as an unfinished prototype
• Embrace the attitude of wisdom