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PDHPE > Critical question 1 Core 2 > Flashcards

Critical question 1 Core 2 Flashcards

What are the priority issues for improving Australia’s health?

1
Q

what are the 3 priority health issues?

A
  1. groups experiencing health inequities
  2. a growing and aging population
  3. high levels of preventable chronic dis
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2
Q

what are the 3 determinants of health?

A
  1. socio-cultural
  2. socio-economic
  3. environmental
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3
Q

what are 2 main groups experiencing health inequities?

A

ATSI
SEDS

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4
Q

ATSI

how does their health status compare?

nature and extent

A

Compared with the non-Indigenous population, IndigenousAustralians:
1. have a lower life expectancy—the gap is 10.6 years for males and 9.5 years for females
2. are 3.5 times as likely to have diabetes and 4 times as likely to be hospitalised with it or to die from it
3. are 5 times as likely to have end-stage kidney disease
4. are twice as likely to die from an injury and 1.9 times as likely to be hospitalised with an injury
5. are twice as likely to have coronary heart disease.

(ATSI)

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5
Q

ATSI

what are the socio-cultural determinants causing these gaps

levels of influence

A
  1. increased domestic violence
  2. racism/discrimination
  3. poor mental health
  4. severed cultural ties (stolen generation)
  5. risky behaviour - excessive alcahol consumption & smoking
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6
Q

ATSI

what are the socio-economic determinants causing these gaps

levels of influence

A
  1. lower level of education
  2. lower levels of health literacy
  3. higher levels of unemployment
  4. lower income
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7
Q

ATSI

what are the environmental determinants causing these gaps

A
  • large amount live in rural or remote areas, linitimg ability to access health care
  • employment: rural and remote areas mainly have labour intensive employment oppourtunities = more risk of injury
  • over crowded housing = infections
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8
Q

ASTI & SEDS

who are the 3 roles in adressing health inequities?

A
  1. individuals
  2. communities
  3. governments
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9
Q

ATSI

what is the role of individuals in adressing health inequities?

A
  1. important role in adressing health inequities by promoting health & identifying areas of improvement
  2. empowering others
  3. improving health literacy
  4. participate in health promotion choices that promote good health

Many communities are encouraging indigenous Australians to pursue careers in health care to
create a strong network of health workers and medical staff within the Indigenous population.

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10
Q

ATSI

what are the roles of communities in adressing health inequities?

A
  1. provide health services to achieve improves health
  2. implemetn health promotion techniques eg. support centres, getting teens off streets, community lunch
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11
Q

ATSI

what is the role of governments in adressing health inequities

A
  1. responsible for creating health policies
  2. create health initiates
  3. medicare
  4. PBS
  5. The Office ofAboriginal andTorres Strait Islander Health (OATSIH) - government agency dedicated to improving ATSI health
  6. close the gap campaign
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12
Q

SEDS

how does their health status compare?

nature and extent

A
  1. 40% higher death rates from coronary heart disease with a slower decline rate than the higher SES areas.
  2. 6x the incidence of lung cancer and worse survival rates
  3. a third higher rates of overweight and obese women and two thirds higher amongst children.
  4. Higher mortality rates from all cancers combined and poorer 5 year survival rates
  5. Lower life expectancy,self assessed health statues,oral health and kidney disease
  6. Higher burden of stroke
  7. Double the rates of COPD and 33% more asthma
  8. More likely to have diabetes
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13
Q

SEDS

what are the socio-cultural determinants of health inequities?

A
  1. more likely to partake in health risk behaviours
  2. 2.3 x as likely to smoke than high socio-ec areas
  3. 1.7 x as likely to have 4 or more risk factors - obesity, drinking, low physical activity, smoking
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14
Q

SEDS

what are the socioeconimic determinants of health inequities

A
  1. lower levels of education - (less informed about their risk behaviours and choices)
  2. lower rate of income - (less options for health care)
  3. higher rates of hazardous work
  4. higher rates of unemployment - (affecting mental health)
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15
Q

SEDS

what are the environmental determinants of health inequities

A
  1. higher rates of homelesness = social stigma
  2. higher rates of SEDS in rural and remote areas = poorer access to health care
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16
Q

SEDS

what are the roles of individuals in adressing health inequities?

A
  • remaining in school & seeking to attend university
  • encouraging good health choices in others
  • taking responsibility of own health & making good choices
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17
Q

what are the roles of communities in adressing health inequities?

A
  • providing relevant health care & support services - eg PCYC
  • implement health promotion acitvities - eg. ‘youth of the streets’
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18
Q

SEDS

what are the roles of governments in adressing healht inequities

A
  • funding health care programs
  • developing local, state and federal programs
    eg. medicare and pharmaceutical benifits scheme - equitable access to healthcare
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19
Q

nature

what is CVD?

A

Cardiovascular disease - illness that affects the heart & blood vessels

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20
Q

nature

what kind of diseases are classified as CVD

A
  1. heart failure
  2. heart attack
  3. angina
  4. rheumatic fever
  5. pheripheral vascular disease
  6. rheumatic fever
  7. stroke (cerebrovascular disease)
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21
Q

extent

what are the statistics of CVD

A
  1. it is the leading cause of death and burden of disease
  2. 1 in 6 australuans have CVD (4.2 million)
  3. 30% of all deaths in australia
  4. 1.1 million hospitalisations in 2018
  5. 2x atsi rates
  6. CVD is the most costly disease to australia
  7. rural and remote have 30% higher hospitalisations and death rates from CVD
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22
Q

risk factors

risk factors of CVD

modifiable 7 and non-modifiable 4

A

modifiable:
- smoking
- high blood preassure
- low physical activity
- obesity and voer weight
- high blood fats
- diabetes
- diet
non-modifiable:
- gender
- age (over 45)
- family hsitory
- ATSI

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23
Q

protective

protective factors of CVD

6

A
  1. healthy diet
  2. healthy weight
  3. physical activity
  4. avoiding alcahol and smoking
  5. managing stress
  6. regualr gp visits
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24
Q

Determinants

what are the socio-cultural determinants of CVD

family, media, peers, religion and culture

A
  1. family history of CVD
  2. ATSI, SEDS, rural and remote all have a higher risk
  3. higher rates in males
  4. peer influence to smoke
  5. media exposure deinfluencing smoking = declining trend in CVD
  6. asian cultures are less exposed due to low fat diet
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25
Q

determinants

what are the socio-economic determinants of CVD?

A
  • lower education = lower health literacy
  • low income or unemployed have limited health choices in diet
  • more vulnerable to developing cvd due to risky lifestyle behvaiours (smoking, alcahol consumptions)
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26
Q

determinants

what are the environmental determinants of CVD

A

people in rural and remote ares experience higher levels of CVD due to,
- less access to tech
- less access to preventable treatments

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27
Q

groups at risk

what groups are at risk of developing CVD?

7

A
  1. smokers
  2. males
  3. people aged over 65
  4. low SES groups
  5. people with family history
  6. people with high fat diets
  7. people with high cholesterol levels
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28
Q

what kinds of cancer does this subject cover?

A
  1. skin
  2. breast
  3. lung
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29
Q

nature

how does cancer develope?

steps 1-5

A
  1. abnormal cells
  2. cells mulitplu
  3. invade tissue
  4. tumour created
  5. metastasis
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30
Q

nature

what are the 4 kinds of cancer?

A
  1. carcinoma - affects cells (skin breask lung)
  2. sarcoma - bone, muscle and connective tissue
  3. leukemia - blood and bone marrow
  4. lymphoma - blood and lymphatic system
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31
Q

nature

what does benign and malignent mean?

A

benign: non-cancerous
malignent: cancerous

32
Q

nature

what is it called when cancer moves from one site to another

A

metastasis/secondary cancer

33
Q

extent

what are the statistics of cancer

A
  • prevalence in australia is increasing
  • 19% of the total disease burden
  • only major cause of death increasing for both genders

  • decreased death rates
  • increased survival rates
  • increased incidence & prevalence
34
Q

extent

what are the most life threateneing cancers in men and women

A

men: prostate, colorectal, skin and lung
women: breast colorectal, skin and lung

35
Q

nature

what are the 3 major types of skin cancer?

A
  1. basal cell carnimona
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. malignent melonoma - can be fatal
36
Q

what are some skin cancer trends?

A
  • skin cancer rates are the hgihest in the world in australia
  • most common cancer in australia due to the UV
  • 424,000 people are treated fro skin cancer every year in australia (excluding melanoma)
37
Q

risk factors

risk factors of skin cancer

modifiable and non-modifiable

A

modifiable: unprotected exposier to the sun, occupation in high sun exposier areas
non-modifiable: fair skin, large nuber of moles, fair/red hair, blue eyes

38
Q

protective factors

protective factors of skin cancer

A
  1. sun protection
  2. avoiding sunlight exposier
  3. sunsceen
  4. hats
  5. sunglasses
  6. protective clothing
39
Q

nature

what is breat cancer?

A

the abnormal growth of cells lining the breat ducts

40
Q

nature

what are some trends in breast cancer?

A
  • most commonly diagnosed cancer in women
  • more than 20,600 people were diagnosed in 2023
  • average age of diagnosis is 62
  • effects 1 in 8 women
  • incidence has rised since the introduction of breat screenings in 1992 but survival rates have increased
41
Q

risk

what are some risk factors of breast cancer?

modifiable and non-modifiable

A

modifiable: high fat diet, physical inactivity, late first pregnancy, not having children
non-modifiable: gender, age, early onset menstruation, late onset menospause, family history

42
Q

protective factors

protective factos of breast cancer

A
  • self examination & screenings
  • maintaining a healthy weight
  • avoiding alcahol
  • eating a healthy diet
43
Q

nature

what is lung cancer?

A

the abnormal growth of cells multiplying in an uncontrollable way

44
Q

nature

discribe some lung cancer trends

A
  • lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in aus
  • incidence has declined in men and increased in women
  • 10x higher to develope lung cancer if you are a smoker
45
Q

risk factors

risk factors of lung cancer

modifiable and non-modifiable

A

modifiable:
- tabacco smoking
- second hand smoking
- occupational exposure - carsenogens such as asbestos
- air pollution
non-modifiable:
- gender
- age
- family history

46
Q

protective factors

protective factors against lung cancer

A
  • avoid/quit smoking
  • control of alcahol consumption
  • healthy diet
  • dont expose youself to environmental hazards
47
Q

determinants

sociocutural determinants of skin cancer

A
  • sun exposier from tanning - tanning culture increasing incidence & prevalence of skin cancer
  • family practicing health promoting behaviours such as slip slap slop decrease risk
  • education
48
Q

determinants

socio-economic determinants of skin cancer

A
  • occupations that expose you to cancenogens or sun expsoeir ie blue collar workers
49
Q

determinants

environmental determinants of skin cancer

A

austealias constantly exposed to sun at work, school etc

50
Q

determinants

sociocultural determinants of breast cancer

A
  • family history
  • women in workplace having children later in life/ not at all
  • families practising health promoting behaviours - good diet
51
Q

determinants

socio-economic determinants of breast cancer

A

low levels of income influencing health choices and access to health services like screenings

52
Q

determinants

environmental determinants of breast cancer

A

women in rural and remote areas are more at risk due to less access to health services like screenings

53
Q

determinants

socio-cultural determinants of lung cancer

A
  • taboo around smoking has reduced the incidence of smoking
  • non-smoking family stops your likelyhood of smoking
54
Q

determinants

environmental determinants of lung cancer

A
  • rural and remote areas
  • smoke filled environemtnes, work/home
54
Q

determinants

socio-economic determinants of lung cancer

A
  • occupations exposing individuls to carcinogens or passive smoking
    • education and health promotion intitiaitves - quit for life?
55
Q

groups at risk

who are the groups at risk of skin cancer?

A
  • people with fair skin, blue eyes, red hair
  • those constantly exposed to the sun
  • people of low SES
56
Q

groups at risk

who are the groups at risk of breast cancer?

A
  • those with high fat diets
  • people with a family hsitory of breast cancer
  • women - (higher if they havent given birth)
  • low SES
57
Q

groups at risk

who are the groups at risk of lung cancer?

A
  • tabacco smokers
  • blue collar workers
  • low SES
  • family history
58
Q

nature

what is diabetes

A

a condition where the pancreaus is no longer functioning to control the blood glucose levels

59
Q

nature

what were the 3 types of diabetes?

A

type 1: insulin dependant - the pancreaus no longer produces insulin, born with it
type 2: insulin controlled - the pancreus can no longer regulate insulin, is developed
gestational diabetes: simmilar to type 2 -occurs during pregrnancy

60
Q

extent

what is the extent of diabetes?

A
  • 6% of australians have diabetes
  • type 2 makes up 85% of cases
  • ATSI are 3.5x to get it
  • SES are 3.6x more likely
  • rural and remote 1.8x
  • contributes to 10% of all deaths
61
Q

risk factors

what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A
  • family history
  • obesity
  • imbalanced diet
  • smoking
  • physical inactivity
62
Q

protective factors

what are the protective factors of type 1and 2 diabetes

A

type 1:
- good blood sugar management
type 2
- regular physical excersise
- diet
- blood preassure
- no smoking
- limit alcohol

63
Q

what are the socio-cultural determinants of diabetes

A
  • cultural background (atsi, asian, indian)
  • living with a family with poor food habits
  • growing up in a family with no physical excersice
64
Q

what are the socio-economic determinants of diabetes

A
  • low SES have 3.5 x higher change
  • low income to afford a good diet
  • low education reduces blood screenings
  • employment in alcahol/smoking cultures
65
Q

what are the environemental determinants of diabetes

A
  • higher rates in rural and remote areas
    low acess to health services and technology
66
Q

groups at risk

groups at risk of diabetes

A
  • pregenant women
  • ATSI people
  • overweight
  • family history
  • low SES
67
Q

what has caused australias growing and aging population?

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • decreased birth rates
68
Q

what is a growing and aging population?

A

the increase in life expectancy, is one of australias health priorities, it comes with an increase in disease burden and heath care demand

69
Q

what is healthy aging?

A

the participation in a healthy lifestyle that promotes health including,
- regular physical activity
- regular family contact
- good social actitivites
etc

70
Q

what is the point of healthy aging?

A
  • Enhance an individual’s physical, mental, social, emotional and physical health
  • Reduce the risk of early onset disability
  • Reduce the risk of developing non-communicable diseases (CVD and Cancer)
  • Be more productive and contribute to the workforce for a longer period of time.
  • HelpAustralia’s economic growth
71
Q
A
71
Q

what does healthy aging do?

A
  • improves quality of life
  • decreases disability adjusted life years
72
Q

why has there been an increase in population living with chronic disease?

A
  1. aging population - the older australians grow the more the population increases with people living with a chronic disease/diability
  2. peoples lifestyles: technology making people more sedentiary
  3. increased awareness and developements in medical technology: population iss gaining greater knowledge of disease and illness
73
Q

what are the concerns relating to the demand for health care workers

A
  1. greater need for health proffesionals
  2. gretaer demant for aged care facilities & workers
  3. increased public spending on health putting strain on health care system

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