Criminology Chapter 7 Flashcards by Tiger Dinh

Define Phrenology

Check pg.145 for definition

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Define atavism

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Define eugenics

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What are two reasons as to why biological explanations for criminal behaviors are highly controversial?

Check first paragraph on pg.145

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What did Franz Gall believe in?

Check second paragraph on pg.145

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What did Cesare Lombroso studied and believed in?

Check second paragraph on pg.145

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What did the lack of understanding of genetics cause? (it caused 3 things)

Check third paragraph on pg.145

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Are people born as criminal?

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What is phenylketonuria?

Check second paragraph of Nature and Nurture on pg.146

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Define environment

Check definition on pg.146

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What are two type of twins and how are they born?

Check “Genetic Predispositions for criminal behavior” and “twin studies” on pg.146-147

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Define concordance rate

Check definition on pg.147

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What happens if the concordance rate for a trait in MZ twins is 85 percent? what about in DZ twins?

Check pg.148 first paragraph

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A much greater concordance rate for criminal behavior is seen in __ twins than in ___ twins

A much greater concordance rate for criminal behavior is seen in MZ twins than in DZ twins

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What did Raine studied and what were his results?

Check 2nd paragraph on pg.148

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Define meta-analysis

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Define etiology

CHeck pg.148

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What has the reanalysis of twin studies from around the world showed?

Check third paragraph in pg.148

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What did a US study of Vietnam Era Twin Registry show?

Check third paragraph in pg.148

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Why are twin studies valuable? (two reasons)

Check fourth paragraph in pg.148

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Define zygosity

Whether twins were MZ or DZ

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How is the twin coincidences explained for Gerald Levey and Mark Newman? (4 things)

Check box 7.1 on pg.147

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What is the biggest concern with twin studies and how is it eliminated? Why is it effective?

Check adoption studies on pg.149

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Define heritability

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What happened in the big Danish study and what were the results?

Check "is Violence Heritable?" on pg.149 and 150

Define labelling

Check definition on pg.150

What happened in Denmark adoption studies and what was its results?

Check box 7.2 on pg.150

More recent adoption studies have shown that adopted children are significantly more likely to be arrested multiple times and incarcerated if .....

Check "alcoholism" on pg.150

What has a large ongoing Swedish study find? (include two form of alcoholism)

Check first paragraph of pg.151

What has research shown? (lots of things)

Check second paragraph of pg.151

What has many genetic studies shown?

Check third paragraph of pg.151

Define ADHD

Check definition on pg.151

___ - ______ behavior in youth is sometimes a prelude to criminal behavior later in life

Anti-social behavior in youth is sometimes a prelude to criminal behavior later in life

What are 3 examples of personality disorders and what did twin adoption studies shown?

Check "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other personality disorders" on pg.151 and 152

How does ADHD affect children and what are some genetic factors for ADHD

Check second paragraph on pg.152

ADHD has been linked to a variant of the ______ transporter gene

ADHD has been linked to a variant of the dopamine transporter gene

Define dopamine

Check definition on pg.152

What has preliminary research and genetic studies shown?

Check second paragraph on pg.152

What has genetic studies shown for petty and non-violent crimes and what has recent twin and adoption studies shown?

Check third paragraph on pg.152

What happened in the study of rhesus monkeys?

Check third paragraph on pg.152

What are some factors that criminal behavior may be controlled by?

Check "The brain" on pg.152 and 153

What did the twin study by Eley, Lichtenstein and stevenson suggested?

Check first paragraph of pg.153

Draw figure 7.1

Check figure 7.1 on pg.153

What are the body's two major types of communication systems and what do they do?

Check "Brain Chemistry" on pg.153

Define neurotransmitter. How do neurotransmitter work and their levels? How they're measured?

Check definition on pg.153 and Check first paragraph on pg.154

Define serotonin and what does it do?

Check definition on pg.154 and second paragraph on pg.154

How is serotonin produced?

Check third paragraph of pg.154

What have studies shown about some people who have fewer binding sites for serotonin?

Check third paragraph of pg.154

What is the 5-TTT about?

Check fourth paragraph of pg.154

What is dopamine and how does it relate to crime shown by research?

Check "dopamine" of pg.154 and 155

What are two enzymes that break down several neurotransmitters and what do they do?

Check second paragraph of pg.155

When Brunner, Nelen, Breakefield, Ropers and van Oost studied a large Dutch family, what did they find?

Check second paragraph of pg.155

What happened in a series of studies by Caspi in New Zealand and what were the results?

Check third paragraph of pg.155

What did several studies found about genes and MAOA genotype?

Check fourth paragraph of pg.155

Define genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual

How has MAOA effected criminal trials?

Check first paragraph of pg.156

What are changes in brain chemistry come from? (two factors) and what are some examples of childhood environmental conditions?

Check second paragraph of pg.156

What is FASD and what is its causes and symptoms?

Check third paragraph of pg.156

What can imbalances in brain chemistry cause?

Check fourth paragraph of pg.156 and 157

What are some examples of how a child's brain could be damaged? and what is the effect of damage to the frontal lobe? What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Check second paragraph of pg.157

What happened to Phineas Gage?

Check third paragraph of pg.157

What happened in the studies of adult and juvenile death-row inmates?

Check first paragraph of pg.158

What happened in the study on rats?

check first paragraph of pg.158

Why is it important to understand the damages to head injury?

Check second paragraph of pg.158

What are four brain imaging techniques to help us understand brain function? What do they do?

Check definition on pg.158 and check third paragraph on pg.158.

What happened to Jovan Belcher?

Check on Pg.158 (image at top left hand corner)

How do hormone work? What is an example of a hormone and what it does?

Check fourth paragraph on pg.158 and 159

What are four things that can affect how the body responds to hormones?

Check second paragraph on pg.159

What happened in the study of testosterone?

Check second and third paragraph on pg.159

What has studies shown between the correlation with the level of testosterone and crime rates?

Check fourth paragraph on pg.159 and 160

What are some of the things levels of testosterone correlate with?

Check second paragraph on pg.160

What are some other hormones that can affect behavior other than testosterone?

Check third paragraph on pg.160

What can trigger menstruation and what about stress in premenstrual women was shown?

Check third paragraph on pg.160

What is cortisol and what does it do?

Check fourth paragraph on pg.160

What did study of salivary levels of testosterone and cortisol show?

Check fourth paragraph on pg.160

What is an example of hormonal imbalance?

Check infanticide on the fifth paragraph of pg.160 and 161

Biology does not cause a person to be a criminal but it can impact behaviors that can ______ a person to commit a criminal act.

Biology does not cause a person to be a criminal but it can impact behaviors that can predispose a person to commit a criminal act.

What did the research in studying youth in Holland shown?

Check "conclusion" on pg.161