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Summer 2018 Term (Calc 2, Crim 101, Math 240) > Criminology Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Criminology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Phrenology

A

Check pg.145 for definition

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2
Q

Define atavism

A

Check pg.145 for definition

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3
Q

Define eugenics

A

Check pg.145 for definition

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4
Q

What are two reasons as to why biological explanations for criminal behaviors are highly controversial?

A

Check first paragraph on pg.145

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5
Q

What did Franz Gall believe in?

A

Check second paragraph on pg.145

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6
Q

What did Cesare Lombroso studied and believed in?

A

Check second paragraph on pg.145

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7
Q

What did the lack of understanding of genetics cause? (it caused 3 things)

A

Check third paragraph on pg.145

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8
Q

Are people born as criminal?

A

No

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9
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

Check second paragraph of Nature and Nurture on pg.146

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10
Q

Define environment

A

Check definition on pg.146

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11
Q

What are two type of twins and how are they born?

A

Check “Genetic Predispositions for criminal behavior” and “twin studies” on pg.146-147

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12
Q

Define concordance rate

A

Check definition on pg.147

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13
Q

What happens if the concordance rate for a trait in MZ twins is 85 percent? what about in DZ twins?

A

Check pg.148 first paragraph

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14
Q

A much greater concordance rate for criminal behavior is seen in __ twins than in ___ twins

A

A much greater concordance rate for criminal behavior is seen in MZ twins than in DZ twins

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15
Q

What did Raine studied and what were his results?

A

Check 2nd paragraph on pg.148

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16
Q

Define meta-analysis

A

Check pg.148

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17
Q

Define etiology

A

CHeck pg.148

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18
Q

What has the reanalysis of twin studies from around the world showed?

A

Check third paragraph in pg.148

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19
Q

What did a US study of Vietnam Era Twin Registry show?

A

Check third paragraph in pg.148

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20
Q

Why are twin studies valuable? (two reasons)

A

Check fourth paragraph in pg.148

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21
Q

Define zygosity

A

Whether twins were MZ or DZ

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22
Q

How is the twin coincidences explained for Gerald Levey and Mark Newman? (4 things)

A

Check box 7.1 on pg.147

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23
Q

What is the biggest concern with twin studies and how is it eliminated? Why is it effective?

A

Check adoption studies on pg.149

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24
Q

Define heritability

A

Check definition on pg.149

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25
Q

What happened in the big Danish study and what were the results?

A

Check “is Violence Heritable?” on pg.149 and 150

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26
Q

Define labelling

A

Check definition on pg.150

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27
Q

What happened in Denmark adoption studies and what was its results?

A

Check box 7.2 on pg.150

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28
Q

More recent adoption studies have shown that adopted children are significantly more likely to be arrested multiple times and incarcerated if …..

A

Check “alcoholism” on pg.150

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29
Q

What has a large ongoing Swedish study find? (include two form of alcoholism)

A

Check first paragraph of pg.151

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30
Q

What has research shown? (lots of things)

A

Check second paragraph of pg.151

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31
Q

What has many genetic studies shown?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.151

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32
Q

Define ADHD

A

Check definition on pg.151

33
Q

___ - ______ behavior in youth is sometimes a prelude to criminal behavior later in life

A

Anti-social behavior in youth is sometimes a prelude to criminal behavior later in life

34
Q

What are 3 examples of personality disorders and what did twin adoption studies shown?

A

Check “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other personality disorders” on pg.151 and 152

35
Q

How does ADHD affect children and what are some genetic factors for ADHD

A

Check second paragraph on pg.152

36
Q

ADHD has been linked to a variant of the ______ transporter gene

A

ADHD has been linked to a variant of the dopamine transporter gene

37
Q

Define dopamine

A

Check definition on pg.152

38
Q

What has preliminary research and genetic studies shown?

A

Check second paragraph on pg.152

39
Q

What has genetic studies shown for petty and non-violent crimes and what has recent twin and adoption studies shown?

A

Check third paragraph on pg.152

40
Q

What happened in the study of rhesus monkeys?

A

Check third paragraph on pg.152

41
Q

What are some factors that criminal behavior may be controlled by?

A

Check “The brain” on pg.152 and 153

42
Q

What did the twin study by Eley, Lichtenstein and stevenson suggested?

A

Check first paragraph of pg.153

43
Q

Draw figure 7.1

A

Check figure 7.1 on pg.153

44
Q

What are the body’s two major types of communication systems and what do they do?

A

Check “Brain Chemistry” on pg.153

45
Q

Define neurotransmitter. How do neurotransmitter work and their levels? How they’re measured?

A

Check definition on pg.153 and Check first paragraph on pg.154

46
Q

Define serotonin and what does it do?

A

Check definition on pg.154 and second paragraph on pg.154

47
Q

How is serotonin produced?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.154

48
Q

What have studies shown about some people who have fewer binding sites for serotonin?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.154

49
Q

What is the 5-TTT about?

A

Check fourth paragraph of pg.154

50
Q

What is dopamine and how does it relate to crime shown by research?

A

Check “dopamine” of pg.154 and 155

51
Q

What are two enzymes that break down several neurotransmitters and what do they do?

A

Check second paragraph of pg.155

52
Q

When Brunner, Nelen, Breakefield, Ropers and van Oost studied a large Dutch family, what did they find?

A

Check second paragraph of pg.155

53
Q

What happened in a series of studies by Caspi in New Zealand and what were the results?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.155

54
Q

What did several studies found about genes and MAOA genotype?

A

Check fourth paragraph of pg.155

55
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an individual

56
Q

How has MAOA effected criminal trials?

A

Check first paragraph of pg.156

57
Q

What are changes in brain chemistry come from? (two factors) and what are some examples of childhood environmental conditions?

A

Check second paragraph of pg.156

58
Q

What is FASD and what is its causes and symptoms?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.156

59
Q

What can imbalances in brain chemistry cause?

A

Check fourth paragraph of pg.156 and 157

60
Q

What are some examples of how a child’s brain could be damaged? and what is the effect of damage to the frontal lobe? What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Check second paragraph of pg.157

61
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

A

Check third paragraph of pg.157

62
Q

What happened in the studies of adult and juvenile death-row inmates?

A

Check first paragraph of pg.158

63
Q

What happened in the study on rats?

A

check first paragraph of pg.158

64
Q

Why is it important to understand the damages to head injury?

A

Check second paragraph of pg.158

65
Q

What are four brain imaging techniques to help us understand brain function? What do they do?

A

Check definition on pg.158 and check third paragraph on pg.158.

66
Q

What happened to Jovan Belcher?

A

Check on Pg.158 (image at top left hand corner)

67
Q

How do hormone work? What is an example of a hormone and what it does?

A

Check fourth paragraph on pg.158 and 159

68
Q

What are four things that can affect how the body responds to hormones?

A

Check second paragraph on pg.159

69
Q

What happened in the study of testosterone?

A

Check second and third paragraph on pg.159

70
Q

What has studies shown between the correlation with the level of testosterone and crime rates?

A

Check fourth paragraph on pg.159 and 160

71
Q

What are some of the things levels of testosterone correlate with?

A

Check second paragraph on pg.160

72
Q

What are some other hormones that can affect behavior other than testosterone?

A

Check third paragraph on pg.160

73
Q

What can trigger menstruation and what about stress in premenstrual women was shown?

A

Check third paragraph on pg.160

74
Q

What is cortisol and what does it do?

A

Check fourth paragraph on pg.160

75
Q

What did study of salivary levels of testosterone and cortisol show?

A

Check fourth paragraph on pg.160

76
Q

What is an example of hormonal imbalance?

A

Check infanticide on the fifth paragraph of pg.160 and 161

77
Q

Biology does not cause a person to be a criminal but it can impact behaviors that can ______ a person to commit a criminal act.

A

Biology does not cause a person to be a criminal but it can impact behaviors that can predispose a person to commit a criminal act.

78
Q

What did the research in studying youth in Holland shown?

A

Check “conclusion” on pg.161

Summer 2018 Term (Calc 2, Crim 101, Math 240) (27 decks)

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