Crim 101 Chapter 5

Question 1

What happened to Amanda Todd? 7 things

Answer 1

• Peer pressured into flashing
• Photos of her were in the internet.
• Suffered from depression and panic disorder
• Moved to new schools and cities but was still bullied and lonely
• Went to counselling and had taken anti-depressant but still depressed
• Tried to commit suicide with bleach
• Tried to cut herself

Question 2

When we know someone who has been victimized, who do we want to know more about and why? The offender or the victim?

Answer 2

We want to know about victim’s experience so we can learn from it and avoid victimization ourselves

Question 3

Without the victim’s ______ to report a criminal act, very few criminals would ever be apprehended

Answer 3

Without the victim’s courage to report a criminal act, very few criminals would ever be apprehended

Question 4

What are some of the reasons as to why a victim may hesitate to report a crime? 3 things

Answer 4

• Fear of repercussion
• Concern that many others would learn about their experience which in turn may lead to stigmatization
• Poor treatment by police or medical personnel

Question 5

Define victimology

Answer 5

The study of victims

Question 6

Draw 5.1 table (remember only about 5 for each subject)

Answer 6

Check pg 98 for table 5.1

Question 7

What kind of discipline is victimology?

Answer 7

Victomology is an emerging discipline

Question 8

When did the study of victim’s experience became a subject to study on?

Answer 8

1970s

Question 9

Fun fact: victimology’s theoretical roots are American

Answer 9

wow

Question 10

Define victim

Answer 10

A person harmed, injured or killed as a result of a crime, accident or other event or action

Question 11

The status as a victim is tied to which idea?

Answer 11

The status as a victim is tied to the idea of culpability

Question 12

Define culpable

Answer 12

Deserving of blame; guilty of wrongdoing

Question 13

Define primary victim

Answer 13

A person who is directly harmed as a result of victimizing experience

Question 14

Define secondary victim

Answer 14

A person who is not directly impacted by the harmful effects of a victimizing event, but may witness the event or have to deal with the after-effects of a victimizing event, such as supporting a victim in recovery

Question 15

Define tertiary victim

Answer 15

A person who may suffer repercussions of victimization even though they are not directly involved in or witness to the harmful event.

Question 16

Define direct victim

Answer 16

A person who is present at the time of victimization and experiences harm

Question 17

Define indirect victim

Answer 17

A person who is not immediately affected by victimization, but nonetheless suffers in some way as a result of it

Question 18

Define actual victim

Answer 18

A person who is the direct target of victimization

Question 19

Define vicarious victim

Answer 19

A person who does not experience direct victimization but nonetheless responds as if they had been victimized directly after learning of the event

Question 20

Those who lead a criminal lifestyle face an _______ risk of victimization

Answer 20

Those who lead a criminal lifestyle face an increased risk of victimization

Question 21

There is a correlation between being a victim of crime and …..

Answer 21

There is a correlation between being a victim of crime and engaging in criminal activity

Question 22

Young males are in which two groups?

Answer 22

Young males are most likely to commit criminal offences and most likely at risk of victimization

Question 23

What kind of geographic areas that have a high rate of offending?

Answer 23

Geographic areas that have a significant amount of social disorganization also have high rate of crime

Question 24

How are victims and offenders similar and different? 3 similarities and 1 differences

Answer 24

Similar:
- Victims are more likely to have a history of criminal offending and risk behavior than non-victims
- Young males who have little self-control typically engage in high-risk lifestyles and activities that expose them to the possible of criminal involvement.
- They shared similar demographic and behavioral characteristics
Difference:
- Victims without criminal history tend to be much less likely to resemble criminal offenders in their characteristics

Question 25

What did Rainer Strobl argue for?

Answer 25

He argued that for people to be classified as victims, some agreement must exist between people’s subjective view of their victim status and the interpretation of that status by others.

Question 26

Draw the table 5.2

Answer 26

Check pg. 103 for 5.2 table

Question 27

How can we learn about the experience of victims without causing them harm?

Answer 27

Conduct victim surveys

Question 28

What are two main sources of crime data

Answer 28

1. The annual Uniform Crime Reporting Survey 2 which records microdata on incidents, victims, and the accused based on police reports
2. Self-reported victimization surveys.

Question 29

What was the GSS and when did it began? What is the advantage of it?

Answer 29

It is the General Social Survey in which it began in 1985. It uses a random sample of the Canadian population and asks them a number of questions about their quality of life as well as victimization experiences and feelings of safety. The advantage of it is that it includes data on victimizing events that were reported and not reported to the police.

Question 30

What were 12 reasons for not reporting victimization incidents to the police? (order matters)

Answer 30

Check figure 5.2 on pg. 104

Question 31

What did the table 5.3 show? 4 things

Answer 31

• Young and single adults from aged 15-24 are most at risk for violent crime victimization and theft of personal property.
• Individuals with under $20000 household income, identify as Aboriginal, being homosexual, or having activity limitations are at risk of for violent crime
• Males are more likely to report victimization and physical assault
• Women are more likely to report theft of personal property and self-report sexual assault

Question 32

What are 9 emotional consequences of self-reported victimization incidents? (order matters)

Answer 32

Check figure 5.3 on pg.107

Question 33

What does “stranger danger” mean?

Answer 33

“Stranger danger” means that they fear of being attacked by someone they do not know.

Question 34

In most case, do the victimizer and the victim know each other?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

What is PTSD and how does it occur? Give 5 examples of how it can occur

Answer 35

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a set of symptoms that emerge as a result of the stress of experiencing severe trauma. Symptoms may include recurring nightmares, jumpiness, agitation, trouble sleeping, trouble concentrating and social isolation. PTSD occurs when people experience an event that is so unexpected and so shattering that it continues to have a serious effect on them, long after any physical danger involved has passed. Examples include served in combat, been sexually assaulted, survived natural disasters, lived through a homicide attempt or survived a terrorist act.

Question 36

How long can acute PSTD last and how long can chronic PSTD last?

Answer 36

Acute PSTD lasts up to 3 months while chronic PSTD lasts for more than 3 months.

Question 37

What is RTS?

Answer 37

Rape trauma syndrome (RTS) is a unique set of PTSD symptoms that have been linked specifically to victims who have survived more severe experiences of sexual assault

Question 38

What is victim precipitation and who created it?

Answer 38

Victim precipitation is the problematic assumption that victims can somehow influence or bring about their own victimization by exhibiting behaviors that provoke a victimizer. Marvin Wolfgang created it while studying homicides in Philadelphia

Question 39

Before sexual assault, what are 3 ways that victims could bring about their own victimization and who studied sexual assault to assert this?

Answer 39

Menachem Amir studied sexual assault and asserted that victoms of sexual assault could bring about their own victimization by:

1. Dressing provocatively
2. Using provocative language
3. Engaging in risky situations

Question 40

Define rape myths and victim blaming

Answer 40

Rape myths are stories that reflect belief systems that reveal incorrect assumptions about the causes of sexual assault.
Victim blaming is a process whereby a victim is found at fault for his or her own victimization, in whole or in part.

Question 41

Who identified five major issues with victim blaming and what are the five major issues?

Answer 41

Helen Eigenberg identified the five major issues with victim blaming. There are

1. Victims are no different from non-victims except for the fact that they have been victimized.
2. The notion that victims are either guilty or totally innocent is problematic.
3. The insinuation that victims hold blame for their victimization suggest that they have absolute control over the actions of others, which is not the case.
4. If we accept problematic premise that victims can be blamed, then Eigenberg argues we are creating culturally legitimate victims.
5. If victims are to blame for their victimization, then it follows, according to Eigenberg, the victimizers are absolved of responsibility for their criminal behavior

Question 42

What is a key factor when it comes to recovery from victimization, define it and what does it depend on?

Answer 42

Resilience which is the ability to successfully recover from trauma. Resilience or “bouncing back” depends on our protective mechanisms.

Question 43

How do we recover or “bounce back” from traumatic events? What do we depend on and what are they? 2 things

Answer 43

How we recover depends on our protective mechanisms that act as insulators from the victimization experience as well as the negative effects of it. The two protective mechanisms are personal protective factors and community and social support factors.

Question 44

What is personal protective factors and 3 examples of it and what are community social support factors and 4 examples of it?

Answer 44

Personal protective factors are characteristics an individual possesses to help deal with stress including coping skills, the ability to handle new situations and good social skills. Community and social support factors are the people and resources that support the individual experiencing traumatic stress. This involves supportive acts by bystanders after the victimization has occurred, the kindness of neighbours, the emotional support of family and friends, as well as community supports that might help the individual.

Question 45

Define insulators

Answer 45

Social and psychological factors that protect an individual from being harmed

Question 46

What did Anthony Ong, Cindy Bergeman, Toni Bisconti and Kimberly Wallace found out about personal protective factors?

Answer 46

They found that routine daily positive emotions can enhance resilience by moderating the effects of stress.

Question 47

What did Cynthia Rienick, Darlanne Mulmat and Susan Pennell found about community and social support factors?

Answer 47

They found out that those who had strong social supports had fewer emotional problems after they had experienced violent crime.

Question 48

What was one of the most significant changes in 1988 and what was it about?

Answer 48

In 1988, victim impact statement (VIS) had been introduced. The VIS is a written or oral statement by the victim that gives him or her the opportunity to demonstrate the physical, financial and emotional impacts of victimization. He/She are not allowed to submit any evidence into the case in their statements

Question 49

What are the positive and negatives of the VIS? 3 positive and 3 negatives

Answer 49

Positive of VIS:
- Allows victim to be humanized
- May increase the use of restitution/compensation orders
- Help to demonstrate that the victim is committed to the process
Negatives of VIS:
- Making court less objective in its decision-making process by hearing subjective impacts of a crime
- Forces the victim to prepare a VIS or it will show the victim is not committed
- Learning how to write a VIS since it is not standardized

Question 50

What is another significant change in the criminal justice system and what is the major concern for it?

Answer 50

Another change in the criminal justice system is the support for a Canadian Victims’ Bill of Rights to entrench the rights of victims into law at the federal level. The major concern for it is ensuring that the rights of the victim do not interfere with the rights of the victimizer.