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Summer 2018 Term (Calc 2, Crim 101, Math 240) > Crim 101 chapter 1 > Flashcards

Crim 101 chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define criminology

A

The study of crime and criminal behavior, which are defined by reference to criminal law.

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2
Q

Define crime

A

An act punishable by law; an evil act; a shame, a senseless act

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3
Q

When did criminology begin?

A

In the 19th century

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4
Q

In Canada, when did the study of crime begin in universities?

A

During 1950s (specifically 1951) at UBC

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5
Q

In the beginning, which department was criminology under?

A

Department of social sciences

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6
Q

What was four things that the local Haney Correctional Institution do?

A
  • Became a site of an emerging progressive correctional administration
  • Concerned about developing educational and vocational programs
  • Maintaining family and community ties for offenders
  • Developing programs of probation and parole
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7
Q

In the beginning of the program for criminology, was the program short lived or long lived? And for how long?

A

The program for criminology was short lived as it closed in 1959

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8
Q

What did Denis Szabo do and what year? 1 thing

A

In 1963, Szabo declared a new discipline and new profession when the school of criminology was created at the Université de Montréal

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9
Q

What did J.L.J. Edwards do and what year? 1 thing

A

In 1963, Edwards established the Centre of Criminology at the University of Toronto as a research entity

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10
Q

What did Tadeusz Grygier do and what year? 1 thing

A

In 1967, Grygier established the Department of Criminology at the University of Ottawa as an applied interdisciplinary program with courses in both English and French.

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11
Q

What did Ezzat Fattah do and what year? 1 thing

A

In 1973, Fattah established the Simon Fraser University’s School of Criminology and offered interdisciplinary programs.

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12
Q

At what year to what time did criminology programs emerged within departments of sociology at many universities?

A

1960s to the present, criminology programs emerged within departments of sociology at many universities

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13
Q

What are four things criminology programs focused on?

A
  • Understanding crime as a form of deviance
  • Study the processes of defining criminal law
  • Social precursors to involvement in crime
  • The potential range of appropriate and/or effective responses to lawbreakers
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14
Q

Define deviance

A

Behavior that differs from accepted social norms; may include acts that violate specific rules (crime), sexual behaviors, or non-criminal acts that challenge accepted values.

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15
Q

When did the study of crime merged as a subject of scholarly inquiry?

A

1960s and 1970s

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16
Q

Previously, what was the study of crime limited to? 3 type of people

A

Philosophers, theologians and politicians

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17
Q

What were three countries that experience a rapid growth of criminology?

A

Canada
United Kingdom
United States

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18
Q

What were the two key features of social life in Canada, United Kingdom and United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

A

Urbanization and industrialization

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19
Q

What did the crime related to the behaviors of the urban poor result in? 3 things

A

New proscriptions (bans) were enacted against vagrancy, drunkenness and prostitution.

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20
Q

What were two things happening in the late 19th and early 20th century?

A
  • A lot of people were migrating to urban areas and more crimes arose which was related to the behaviors of urban poor. As a result, new proscriptions (ban) were enacted against vagrancy, drunkenness and prostitution.
  • The beginning of globalization where immigrants were threatening the current economy because they work cheaper. They also brought in drugs and other illegal things to Canada (like opium and cocaine). As a result, alternatives to tobacco and alcohol were prohibited and laws were passed to aid deportation of foreign drug peddlers and restrict immigration.
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21
Q

What did immigrants of China bring to Canada? what about immigrants of India? Of South America?

A

China brought opium.
India brought hashish
South America brought coca and cocaine

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22
Q

Overall, culture was changing. It was becoming more urban and more global and changes _____ _______

A

Overall, culture was changing. It was becoming more urban and more global and changes created tensions.

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23
Q

What kind of tensions did changes to culture bring? 3 things

A
  • Challenges to traditional institutions and ways of thinking
  • Practice of capital punishment began to be criticized
  • Reformers began to advocate for more humane treatment of lawbreakers and more economic support for urban poor
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24
Q

What kind of advantages did changes to culture and globalization bring? 2 things

A

Growth in literacy and greater access to information

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25
Q

Who was Timothy Leary?

A

A counter-cultural leader that advocated for mind-active drugs usage

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26
Q

In 1960s, at what period of time did crime rates began to escalate?

A

In the time of youth rebellion, crime rates began to escalate

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27
Q

Define demographics

A

Statistical data relating to characteristics of a population, such as relative size of age groups, gender balance, or any other measurable information

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28
Q

Why were the crime rates increasing for males in the mid-1960s?

A

Because the percentage of young males within the populations of Canada, United States and the United Kingdom increased dramatically which increased the crime rate for males.

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29
Q

Define correlation

A

The finding that two measurable phenomena occur together, suggesting a relationship, but not necessarily one of direct cause and effect

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30
Q

What are two things that seem to correlate with the rate of crime?

A

Age and gender

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31
Q

Fun fact: the difficult task for criminologists is

A

to try to understand the significance of the correlation between age and sex and crime rates in order to construct an effective criminal justice policy

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32
Q

What are five things that occurred from 1966 to 1975?

A
  • Alcohol consumption increased dramatically by about 50% per capita
  • Introduction to birth control pill changed male-female relationship as it enables women to experiment with sex without risk of pregnancy
  • Divorce rate increased fourfold
  • Number of women in the labour force increased from 2.2 million to 5.5 million
  • The four things mentioned above contributed to the increased of crime rates
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33
Q

How is criminology an interdisciplinary program? 9 things

A

It draws from sociology, psychology, law, geography, history, political science and economics. With developments in the use of DNA and in forensic entomology, it also draws from chemistry and biology.

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34
Q

Define forensic entomology

A

The study of insects to assist in legal investigations; insects found on a corpse can help identify facts about the time and place of the victim’s death.

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35
Q

How is psychology used in criminology? 3 ways

A
  • To identify the criminal
  • To predict the risk of reoffending
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of various forms of rehabilitation or treatment
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36
Q

How is sociological analyses of crime used in criminology?

A
  • Social forces work to define crime and create conditions in which lower or increase crime rates
  • Point out social and structural changes that might be made in order to effectively respond to the challenges that crime presents
  • Used to create theories of crimes so that we can prevent it.
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37
Q

What is sociological analyses focused on?

A

Social order

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38
Q

What is psychology focused on?

A

The study of individual behavior

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39
Q

Define criminality

A

The state of being criminal; criminal acts or practices

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40
Q

What are 9 things sociological analyses give rise to?

A
  1. social control theory
  2. labeling theory
  3. differential association theory
  4. notions of anomie
  5. Moral panics
  6. Culture of control
  7. Marxian and neo-Marxian analysis
  8. Foucauldian perspectives
  9. postmodern conceptions of criminality
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41
Q

What is more likely to drive crime and criminal conduct? social conditions or individual aberrations

A

Social conditions

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42
Q

What are 3 things that are pre-eminent when it comes to criminology?

A

Law, deviance and social analyses of crime`

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43
Q

How does the study of law help criminology? 3 ways

A
  1. It defines the landscape of crime
  2. Sets out the specifics of prohibited behaviors
  3. Sets the specifics of the penalties that are attached to certain crimes
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44
Q

How does the history of law help criminology? 3 things

A
  • Provides insight into the changing nature of crime especially the malleability of some forms of deviance and the evolving nature of what might be viewed as appropriate responses to crime.
  • It indicates how and why new forms of criminality are created
  • Reveals changing responses to long-established and universally condemned forms of conduct
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45
Q

Fun fact: study of amendments to criminal law over time and the debates surrounding these amendments reflect changes not only to the punishment of crime but also to the logic and utility of these changes

A

wow

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46
Q

What are 5 subjects central to criminology?

A

Law, psychology, sociology, biology, and chemistry

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47
Q

What are 4 subjects less central to criminology?

A

History, geography, political science and economics

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48
Q

How does the 4 less central subjects contribute to criminology? 2 ways

A
  • Recurring patterns within the social and spatial geography of crime have been critical to the development of programs of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and the tracking of serial predatory offenders across time and space.
  • Economics allow investigators to conduct expensive investigations and run crime reduction programs
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49
Q

How does biology and chemistry contribute to criminology? 2 ways

A

Biology allows to utilize DNA and to determine time of death. Chemistry allows to collect evidence

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50
Q

Define inculpatory

A

Evidence that establish guilt

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51
Q

Define exculpatory

A

Evidence that remove guilt

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52
Q

Define criminalization

A

To define an act as a crime and thereby subject that act to formal punishment

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53
Q

What do criminologists study?

A

Dependent in part on the field of their training and the lens or framework through which they understand the realities of crime

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54
Q

How does we determine whether specific crimes have increased or decreased over time within specific jurisdictions? two things

A
  1. By using data from nation-states and from police report (through the uniform crime reporting survey) and compare the trends, patterns and increase and decrease of a crime.
  2. Through surveys of criminal victimization (such as the General Social Survey)
55
Q

What is wrong with replying on police data/reports? 3 things

A

The data depends:

  • on the willingness of victims to report a particular crime
  • The perceived significance of an incident by the victim
  • Both individual and societal attitudes toward involvement with police and the criminal justice system
56
Q

Define the criminal justice system

A

The various institutions and processes through which an offender passes such as the police, the courts, and correctional facilities and programs.

57
Q

Fun fact: crime rate dropped in Canada and US

A

During the 1990s to present

58
Q

Are explanations for increase/decrease crime rates universal or not?

A

The explanation are not universal

59
Q

Why are explanation for the increase or decrease crime rate not universal? Give a counterexample

A

A crime like motor vehicle theft dropped in Canada because of motor alarm improvements where as some other country could have this same decrease for different reasons(more police or camera)

60
Q

Did crime rate for homicides in Canada and the US increase or decrease in the late 1970s? By how much?

A

The crime rates for homicides in Canada and US has decreased by almost half in the late 1970s

61
Q

Crime rates ______ in the late 1960s and early 1970s while crime rates _______ in the last 20 Years

A

Crime rates increased in the late 1960s and early 1970s while crime rates decreased in the last 20 Years

62
Q

How do we reduce the impact of crime has on us?

A

By understanding how and why particular kinds of crime increase and decrease over time

63
Q

While many forms of personal property crime have declined in the past 20 years….. (3 things)

A

Online victimization, identity theft, and credit card fraud have all dramatically increased

64
Q

What are four important parts of criminology?

A
  • Understanding the creation of criminal law
  • Concomitant penalties
  • Changing crime rates
  • Understanding why particular individuals commit crime and why some continue to do so and why some don’t.
65
Q

What age and gender commit the most crime? What are two characteristics of these type of people?

A

Most young male (between ages 15 and 34) commit the most crime. They tend to have few resources and little education.

66
Q

What did Cesare Lombroso argue for about criminality?

A

Lombroso argued that criminality was a biological trait (people where “born as criminals”)

67
Q

What did William Sheldon argued for about criminality?

A

Sheldon argued that body type (or somatotyping) is strongly linked to criminal behavior with well-muscled mesomorphs more likely to commit criminal offences

68
Q

Was Lombroso or Sheldon right about their argument? And why?

A

Both were unable to to provide much empirical support to their argument.

69
Q

Fun fact: Research in the past 20-30 years has begun to regard

A

criminal conduct as a complex mix of biology and environment

70
Q

Define traits

A

Those attributes or features that distinguish or characterize an individual

71
Q

Does biology predetermine criminality?

A

No

72
Q

What are three things that individuals can have that predispose them to crime?

A

Personality traits
Characteristics
Acquired trauma (Brain damage)

73
Q

What did Sarnoff Mednick, William Gabrielli Jr. and Barry Hutchings researched and discovered?

A

They researched how environment and family ties can affect adopted children and identical into crime.
They discovered that the children were more likely to commit crime if their biological father had criminal records.

74
Q

What is two examples of acquired trauma that can predispose individuals to crimes?

A

An example is the frontal lobe damage which has been linked to aggressive behavior. Another example is the prevalence of brain injuries in prison populations has been very clearly identified as both disproportionate to the general population and a significant risk factor for reoffending

75
Q

What are two things criminologists have to consider when understanding criminality?

A

Biological predisposition and environmental influences

76
Q

What is the onset of a crime influenced by? two things

A

The interaction of biological risks and a dysfunctional environment, often characterized by physical and emotional abuse and neglect

77
Q

The study of criminal has also allowed us the opportunity to understand that often _____ ______ support exists for some of our populist concepts.

A

The study of criminal has also allowed us the opportunity to understand that often little empirical support exists for some of our populist concepts.

78
Q

Define empirical

A

That which is understood or verified through experiment, measurement or direct observation; as opposed to theoretical

79
Q

Sex offenders are a more ______ population

A

Sex offenders are a more diverse population

80
Q

How are sex offenders classified?

A

They are classified as anti-social deviants who commit a range of crimes, some of which happen to be sex offences.

81
Q

Do sex offenders have a high or low rate of reoffending?

A

They have a relatively low rates of reoffending

82
Q

Define stigmatize

A

To strongly disapprove of a person or behavior; to find disgraceful.

83
Q

What are two advantages for studying an individual offender and two disadvantages?

A

Two advantages:
- Better understanding of the difficulties that offenders face
- Better understanding of the challenges that we have in responding appropriately and humanely to their circumstances
Two disadvantages:
- Those who study them often fail to take account of social conditions
- Demonize and stigmatize offenders

84
Q

What does CPTED stand for?

A

Crime prevention through environmental design

85
Q

What is CPTED? 2 points

A
  • It is a multi-disciplinary approach and almost all of its interventions apply to an urban environment, using landscape and lighting design to increase natural surveillance and
  • It seeks to manage crime by decreasing the opportunity and an individual’s motivation for committing crime and by increasing the risk to the offender if the crime is committed
86
Q

Define interventions

A

Strategies intended to shape the physical environment to mitigate crime; also various programs targeting individual offenders, offering alternatives to criminal behavior

87
Q

What do critics say the disadvantages of CPTED? 2 disadvantages

A
  • Environmental design only displace crime to less-protected environment and does not address the root causes of or motivations for criminal offences
  • CPTED shifts the responsibility for crime prevent away from the state and onto the individual by expecting citizens to follow the crime prevention advice
88
Q

_____ _____ is aligned with CPTED

A

Geographic profiling is aligned with CPTED

89
Q

Define geographic profiling

A

A tool that permits police officers to focus on the likely residence of offenders in cases of serial crimes

90
Q

How does geographic profiling contribute to CPTED?

A

It draws on an understanding of urban environments and the behaviors of serial predatory offenders and it uses mathematical tools to determine the likely residence of a given offender

91
Q

Who developed geographic profiling?

A

Kim Rossmo

92
Q

What is electronic monitoring?

A

Involves an individual, usually an offender, wearing an electronic device that allows his or her location to be monitored through a control centre

93
Q

What is electronic monitoring also known as?

A

Electronic tagging

94
Q

What are 1 advantage of electronic monitoring?

A
  • Avoids both the cost of placing the offender in a correctional facility and well-documented negative impacts of incarceration on the individual
95
Q

What are two disadvantages of electronic monitoring?

A
  • Electronic monitoring’s potential for net widening and for demeaning intrusions into personal privacy
  • Electronic monitoring device can be remove and has a limited range
96
Q

Define net widening

A

Imposing a form of control on individuals who might otherwise not be subject to such control

97
Q

Fun fact: Electronic monitoring is an effective public safety alternative to the use of imprisonment, reducing reoffending for the individuals placed under such surveillance.

A

wow

98
Q

What happened in the trial of O.J. Simpson?

A
  • Convicted for the 1994 murder of his wife

- DNA evidence were used to convict him thanks to deoxyribonucleic acid

99
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

A molecule used to encode genetic instructions in all living organisms. It is like a fingerprint identification but with genetics. Also referred as genetic fingerprinting.

100
Q

What were the two people who have been compensated for their wrongful convictions thanks to DNA evidence?

A

Morin and Milgaard

101
Q

Suppose crime was like a system. How does Canada become exposed to increased crime rates? What are the symptoms of it? How do we investigate this problem? How do we fix it? (5 solutions)

A

Canada can become exposed to increased crime rates through immigration and changes in family structure. The symptoms are increased crime rates. We can investigate it through criminology programs offered at university. We can fix the issue through community programs, community policing, hot spot policing, crime prevention through environmental design, situational crime prevent and etc.

102
Q

What is two things that are in the foundation of criminology?

A

Theories and methods

103
Q

What are criminology courses are there? 9 things

A
  1. Policing
  2. Corrections
  3. Criminal law
  4. Sentencing
  5. Penology
  6. Juvenile delinquency
  7. Drugs and crime
  8. White collar crime
  9. Criminal investigations
104
Q

What do some theorists in criminology described themselves as?

A

Critical criminologists

105
Q

What do critical criminologists focus on? 2 things

A

Critical criminologists focus on the power of the state and its potential for abuse

106
Q

What do rational choice theorists argue?

A

They argue that crime occurs as a consequence of rational choice made by willing actors

107
Q

What does a prominent department of criminology focus on? (7 things)

A

Teaching theories related to anomie, differential association, social control, social disorganization, routine activities, deterrence and developmental approaches.

108
Q

What are 9 theories that guide criminology and criminologists? IMPORTANT

A

Rational choice, learning theory, teaching theories related to anomie, differential association, social control, social disorganization, routine activities, deterrence and developmental approaches.

109
Q

What methods are used by criminologists? two methods

A

Qualitative approach

Quantitative approach

110
Q

Define qualitative

A

The study of phenomena based not on measurement but an exploration of the reasons for human behavior and the qualities of subjective experience.

111
Q

Define quantitative

A

Relating to the measurement of something - its quantity - rather than its qualities

112
Q

What are two professions that are likely to employ qualitative methods of analysis?

A

Lawyers and sociologists

113
Q

What are two professions that are likely to employ quantitative methods?

A

Psychologists and economists

114
Q

Define mixed methods approach

A

The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods

115
Q

What did Adam Trahan and Daniel Stewart argue for? 2 things

A
  • They argued that the current divide between quantitative and qualitative research is restricting our ability to develop a coherent understanding of crime and criminal justice
  • They also argued that the mixed methods approaches can overcome this obstacle
116
Q

Data from police-generated forms. Is that quantitative data or qualitative data?

A

It is quantitative data

117
Q

Suppose we want to know whether the extent, nature and character of homicide have changed in Canada over a 50-year span. What can we document? 5 things

A

We can document changing rates, any changes over time in the methods used to commit such crime, the gender and age of victims and suspects, provincial and municipal differences in prevalence and potentially changing motivations for these killings.

118
Q

What are 2 steps of quantitative methods

A
  1. Engaging in a systematic empirically-based inquiry and using numerical data
  2. Depending on mathematical, statistical or computational techniques
119
Q

What are two drawbacks to qualitative methods?

A
  • They cannot be applied to a much larger group of individuals
  • The qualitative method used has limited number of participants or number of data points therefore it lacks reliability
120
Q

Why can’t qualitative methods be applied to a large group of individuals?

A

Because the techniques (like field observations or semi-structured interviews) used for this method are more subjective and more likely to be affected by the differing approaches and potential biases and inclinations of individual interviewers.

121
Q

What are two techniques of qualitative methods?

A
  1. Field observations

2. Semi-structured interviews

122
Q

How does the value of qualitative data increase?

A

The value of qualitative data increases as it becomes more similar to the quantitative data. This can be done by conducting more interviews and researches in different areas of the world.

123
Q

How does qualitative data become more relevant and have more utility?

A

By conducting more interviews and researches in different areas of the world.

124
Q

What is the Achilles heel of qualitative research?

A

Gathering qualitative data through lots of researches and interviews through different areas of the world.

125
Q

What is the big tent approach?

A

All credible approaches are welcome in criminology in order to understand how and why individuals commit crimes, and what can be done to decrease the likelihood of reoffending.

126
Q

Who created the big tent approach?

A

Rob Gordon

127
Q

What is two disadvantage of quantitative method?

A
  • Disadvantages of quantitative data analysis: collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset. results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception.
  • It inevitably point to correlations rather than cause-effect relationships.
128
Q

What does SCP stand for?

A

Situational Crime Prevention

129
Q

What do SCP focus on?

A

SCP focus on reducing the crime rates by increasing the risk for offenders and decreasing the opportunities to commit crime

130
Q

Who created SCP and when?

A

Ronald V. Clarke in 1980s

131
Q

What are three deviance that was first illegal and then became legal?

A
  1. Homosexuality (gay) was illegal in late 19th century and then became legal
  2. Abortions was illegal in 19th century and then became legal
  3. Marijuana possession is illegal and is becoming legal.
132
Q

What are three key questions we must attempt to answer when we want to understand crime in the present and the future of our society?

A

What to criminalize and how to respond to crime?
What does the best evidence tell us about our responses to crime and their effectiveness?
Can the study of crime help us to respond to emerging challenges?

133
Q

Draw figure 1.2

A

Check page 15 for figure 1.2

Summer 2018 Term (Calc 2, Crim 101, Math 240) (27 decks)

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