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British Warfare > crimea’s effect in britain > Flashcards

crimea’s effect in britain Flashcards

1
Q

what impact did the press have on the Crimean War?

A

they were able to show the British people what was happening in Crimea

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2
Q

what invention allowed news to reach Britain so quickly?

A

the electric telegraph

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3
Q

why was the cost of a newspaper falling?

A

new technology
less tax
greater demand

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4
Q

which reporter was sent to Crimea to cover the war for The Times?

A

William Howard Russell

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5
Q

who was sent to Crimea to photograph the war?

A

Roger Fenton

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6
Q

what stance did The Times hold with regards to the Crimean War?

A

they were anti-war

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7
Q

why was war photography not natural in the Crimean War?

A

subjects would have to pose as technology didn’t allow for natural shots

Fenton also avoided taking pictures of the dead or injured

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8
Q

what did the press make of Raglan?

A

they attacked his leadership and judgement and blamed him for the British struggle in Crimea

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9
Q

what was Raglan concerned the press may do?

A

leak British plans and positions to the Russians

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10
Q

how did Raglan deal with the press?

A

nothing

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11
Q

how did Raglan deal with the press?

A

nothing

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12
Q

why did the British government do nothing to deal with the press in Crimea?

A

they were worried it may look like they were hiding what was actually happening in Crimea to the public

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13
Q

when did Lord Aberdeen resign?

A

30 January 1855

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14
Q

why did Lord Aberdeen resign?

A

a committee was to be set up to investigate the conduct of the Crimean War

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15
Q

which MP called for a motion to investigate the Crimean War?

A

Roebuck

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16
Q

who replaced Aberdeen as PM?

A

Palmerston

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17
Q

what changes did Palmerston’s government make to the war effort?

A
  • set up a Sanitary Commission
  • set up a special transport department
  • inefficient administrators were sacked
  • the bureaucratic system was changed
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18
Q

how was the bureaucratic system changed?

A

military duties of the colonial secretary were transferred to the War Office

ordnance board was abolished

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19
Q

what led to MPs calling for administrative reform?

A

increased criticism of military mismanagement

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20
Q

what did the Administrative Reform Association push for?

A

apply business-like procedures to government and administration

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21
Q

were the Civil Service reforms of 1855 successful?

A

they made little change and were not in act until after the Crimean War

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22
Q

which report published in 1853 led to changes to the Civil Service?

A

the Northcote-Trevelyan report

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23
Q

what did the Northocte-Trevelyan report reccomend?

A

competition in recruitment
promotion by merit

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24
Q

was the Northcote-Trevelyan report successful?

A

its recommendations were only partially implemented

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25
Q

why was paying for the Crimean War not a problem for Britain?

A

it was a short war
Britain was at the height of it’s economical power so money was was not hard to find

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26
Q

who was the Chancellor in 1854?

A

William Gladstone

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27
Q

what was Gladstone forced to do to fund the war?

A

increase tax rates
and
borrowing

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28
Q

by how much were tax rates increased?

A

they were doubled

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29
Q

how did Gladstone increase national debt?

A

by offering government bonds for sale

30
Q

how much of the Crimean war was paid for by borrowing?

A

50%

31
Q

did the Crimean War affect the British economy?

A

it had a very little effect

32
Q

when did Nightingale travel to the Black Sea?

A

21 October 1854

33
Q

which MP allowed Nightingale to go to Crimea?

A

Sidney Herbert

34
Q

what problems did Nightingale first see in Scutari?

A
  • badly treated patients
  • overworked medical staff
  • lack of medical supplies
  • poor hygiene
35
Q

how did Raglan’s staff try to stop Nightingale?

A

Dr John Hall tried to send Nightingale home

36
Q

how much did Nightingale raise to help soldiers?

A

£30,000

spent on necessities such as fresh bed linen and cleaning wards

37
Q

how many patients died at Scutari in February 1855?

A

52%

38
Q

did Nightingale bring about any changes while in Scutari?

A

no

she had the same lack of understanding of the need for clean water, ventilation and hygiene as the army doctors

39
Q

what was set up in 1857 by Nightingale?

A

Royal Commission on the Health of the Army

40
Q

what were the results of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army?

A

Nightingale realised that deaths at Scutari were due to poor hygiene and sanitation

she focussed on improving the sanitation and diet in the army

41
Q

what book did Nightingale publish which addressed the problems with hospital design and management?

A

Notes on Hospitals
1859

42
Q

when was the Nightingale Training School set up?

A

1860

43
Q

at which hospital was the Nightingale Training School?

A

St Thomas’ Hospital

44
Q

what impact did Nightingale have on healthcare in India?

A

she helped improve medical care in India

she pushed for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the health of soldiers in India in 1859

45
Q

how was Nightingale a role model to women?

A

showed a strong powerful individual who had pushed for the things she believed in

46
Q

what did Mary Seacole do in Crimea?

A

she built the British Hotel as well as a canteen for sick British soldiers

47
Q

who praised Seacole’s actions?

A

William Howard Russell of The Times

48
Q

was Seacole as influential as Nightingale?

A

no

Nightingale did much more after returning to Crimea
but Seacole was also important

49
Q

what did the Roebuck report criticise?

A

arrangements for transport, provisioning and hospital care

50
Q

when was the McNeill-Tulloch report published?

A

January 1856

51
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find?

A

it criticised Raglan and the Commissariat for the delays in port of Balaclava

52
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report lead to?

A

reform of the Commissariat in 1858

53
Q

why was reform to the Civil Service and the Army so limited after Crimea?

A

victories in India and lack of public criticism led to less push for reform

54
Q

who was Commander-in-Chief from 1856 to 1895?

A

Duke of Cambridge

55
Q

why was the Duke of Cambridge worried about reforms to the army?

A

he was worried that reform would damage the morale of the army corps

56
Q

why did Britons believe reform was not needed?

A

they assumed Britain would never enter another continental war

57
Q

what reform happened to the army after Crimea?

A
  • improvement to soldier health
  • barrack construction in 1859
  • staff college at Camberley
  • better weaponry
58
Q

what was still wrong with the army after Crimea?

A
  • soldiers remained poorly paid
  • lack of recreation time
  • harsh military discipline
59
Q

when was flogging abolished?

A

1881

60
Q

who was Secretary for War in 1868?

A

Edward Cardwell

61
Q

what reforms did Cardwell bring about?

A
  • reorganised the war office
  • introduced short term enlistments
  • abolished the purchase system
  • localise the army
62
Q

what was the new minimum service in the army after Cardwell’s reforms?

A

7 years

63
Q

what did Cardwell hope short-term enlistments would create?

A
  • reduce pension list
  • help form a reserve
  • infantry were in their prime
  • improve recruitment
64
Q

when was the purchase system abolished?

A

by Royal Warrant from 1 November 1871

65
Q

which act divided the country into 66 districts?

A

the Localisation Act of 1872

66
Q

what did the Localisation Act do?

A

with each district having 2 regular battalions, one could serve abroad while the other trained at home

67
Q

was reorganising the War Office successful?

A

no

there was no department formed to reorganise the army structure

68
Q

was short-term enlistment successful?

A

no

the army lost more men than it gained

69
Q

was the abolishment of the purchase system successful?

A

yes/no

did stop the active purchasing of positions
BUT
the officers in the army remained to be from upper class backgrounds

70
Q

was the Localisation Act of 1871 successful?

A

no

soldiers from home battalions ended up going abroad anyway as Britain constantly needed troops for it’s colonial affairs

British Warfare (35 decks)

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