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Anatomy 6512 > Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI Flashcards

1
Q

The sulcus limitans separates motor & sensory nuclei in ____ & ______

A

the spinal cord and brainstem

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2
Q

What are the extrinsic ocular muscles and their movements?

A

1) superior oblique - internal rotation (intorsion)
2) Superior rectus - elevation
3) medial rectus - adduction
4) lateral rectus - abduction
5) inferior rectus - depression
6) inferior oblique - external rotation (extortion)

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3
Q

What are the multiple columns of neurons in III?

A
  • Levator palpebrae superioris, in midline innervates muscle bilaterally
  • Superior rectus innervated contralaterally
  • Column supplying medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus are project to ipsilateral muscles
  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic projection to ipsilateral ciliary ganglion, innervates pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle
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4
Q

True or false: The nuclei of III are very close together so a lesion often affects both.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: The partly crossed nature of III is of major clinical significance.

A

False

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6
Q

True or false: Once III leaves the brainstem it contains fibers the supply only ipsilateral structures, so a nerve lesion affects only one eye.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the results of an injury to III?

A

-Eye ipsilateral to lesion deviates laterally
-Medial rectus is weak and lateral rectus is unopposed, lateral strabismus
-Patient cannot move the eye medially
-Vertical movement impaired, weak superior and inferior recti and inferior oblique ipsilaterally
-Diplopia: double vision
-Ipsilateral levator palpebrae superioris weak: ptosis
-Mydriasis: pupil on affected side is dilated
Pupillary dilator is unopposed as pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle are dysfunctional
-Pupil does not constrict in response to light
-Lens cannot be focused for near vision

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8
Q

True or false: IV is unique among the cranial nerves in that it is the only one to originate entirely from a contralateral nucleus and it is the only cranial nerve on the dorsal brainstem surface.

A

True

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9
Q

What extrinsic ocular muscles does IV innervate?

A

the contralateral superior oblique muscles

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10
Q

What is the path of IV?

A

Fibers leave the nucleus and turn caudally in PAG, arch dorsally to decussate and leave brainstem in midbrain-pons junction

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11
Q

What are the results of an injury to IV?

A
  • Much less noticeable than deficits of III
  • Superior oblique moves eye downwards and laterally
  • Patients report diplopia when going downstairs or reading
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12
Q

True or false: The long intracranial course of the abducens nerve (VI) makes it susceptible to intracranial pressure.

A

True

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13
Q

What extrinsic ocular muscles does VI innervate?

A

ipsilateral lateral rectus, which abducts eye

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14
Q

VI begins in the _____.

A

floor of 4th ventricle, caudal pons

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15
Q

Medial to VI nucleus are the _______.

A

MLF and motor fibers of VII

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16
Q

What are the results of an injury to VI?

A
  • medial strabismus (affected eye deviated medially)
  • VI nuclear damage causes medial strabismus and lateral gaze paralysis
  • Ipsilateral eye will not abduct past midposition and contralateral eye will not adduct past midposition
  • Nucleus contains motor neurons and internuclear neurons that ascend in MLF
17
Q

MLF interconnects ____, ____ & ____ to allow coordination of head and eye movement

A

III, IV & VI

18
Q

How does the MLF allow both eyes work together during lateral gaze?

A

To look to one side requires ipsilateral rectus and the contralateral medial rectus to contract simultaneously

19
Q

MLF injury results in?

A

-Internuclear ophthalmoplegia -
“paralysis of the eye due to damage between the nuclei”
-MLF damage removes excitatory input to ipsilateral III nucleus
-Eye ipsilateral to lesion fails to move past midposition during horizontal gaze
-Both VI nuclei are intact so lateral movements of both eyes are intact

20
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

Constriction of pupils in response to light

21
Q

What four sets of neurons are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

1) Afferent limb: retinal ganglion cells to pretectal nuclei
2) Each pretectal nucleus is linked to both EWN, fibers reach the contralateral EWN via the posterior commissure
3) Pregang. Parasym. fiber enter III nerve, synapse in ciliary ganglion
4) Postgang. fibers in short ciliary nerves, enter iris, supply sphincter (constrictor) of pupillae

22
Q

What is accommodation or ‘the near response’?

A
  • At rest lens is flattened by tension on its capsule exerted by the suspensory ligament
  • The lens bulges passively when ciliary muscle contracts
  • To view an object close up: ciliary muscle contracts, which relaxes lens suspensory ligaments
  • Other features:
  • Sphincter pupillae contracts - Decreased light through periphery of lens (which is thinner)
  • Convergence: visual axis of both eyes converge due to increased tone in medial rectus muscles
23
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway to the eyes?

A

1) Central fibers from hypothalamus, cross midline in midbrain join ipsilateral descending fibers in pons and medulla
2) Preganglionic fibers emerge in first thoracic ventral nerve root and ascend sympathetic chain to SCG
3) Postganglionic fibers run along external and internal carotid arteries and their branches - Fibers leave IC, join Vi in cavernous sinus, then to ciliary nerves

24
Q

What are the 3 main types of conjugate movements (when the eyes move as a pair)?

A

1) Scanning: eyes move from one visual target to another in high-speed movement know as saccades
2) Tracking: a.k.a, smooth pursuit, eyes follow area of interest across visual field
3) Compensation: gaze held on object of interest during head movement, known as vestibulo-ocular reflex (vestibular system also at work)

25
Q

What are the gaze centers for scanning?

A

Gaze centers: in brainstem reticular formation; 4 (left, right, up, down)

1) Horizontal saccades: paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), each pulls eye to its own side
2) Upward saccades: midbrain, rostral interstitial nuclei of the MLF (riMLF)
3) Downward saccades: in midbrain next to upward center

26
Q

What are pathways involved in the voluntary saccade to the left?

A

1) Projection from right frontal eye field activates left paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF).
2) Some PPRF neurons activate adjacent abducens neurons
3) Other PPRF neurons send heavily myelinated (fast) internuclear fibers along the medial longitudinal bundle to activate oculomotor neurons serving medial rectus.

*Simultaneous contraction of the respective rectus muscles yields a saccade to the left.

27
Q

What activates the left PPRF?

A

Right frontal eye field

28
Q

True or false: PPRF neurons do not activate adjacent VI neurons

A

False, some do.

29
Q

What do other PPRF neurons do?

A

They send heavily myelinated (fast) internuclear fibers in MLF to activate III serving medial rectus.

Anatomy 6512 (26 decks)

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