Cranial Nerves and Quiz 3 Flashcards
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory
Sensory
-reception and interpretation of smell.
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
*Optic Nerve
Sensory
-sense of sight
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
Motor
-Eye movement; elevation of upper eyelids; regulation of pupil size.
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
Mixed
- Movement of eyeball in downward, inward direction
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal
Mixed
- Jaw clenching and chewing movements
-Corneal Reflex
- Sensations (touch/pain) in face, cornea, scalp, and teeth.
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens
Motor
- Movement of eyeball in lateral direction.
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial
Mixed
- Facial expressions
- Secretion of saliva and tears
- Blinking
- Sensation of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, salty)
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
- Hearing and balance
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossophayngeal
Mixed
- Swallowing movements
- Secretion of saliva
- Sensation of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter, sour)
- Prevents aspiration as part of gag reflex.
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus
Mixed
- Swallowing
- Part of gag Reflex
- Sensation behind ear
- Innervates pharynx and epiglottis
- Parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal organs.
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory
Motor
- Movement of shoulders
- Turning of head
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal
Motor
- Movement of tongue muscles for speech and swallowing
Turbinates
Warms air and captures particulates.
Menarche
- First menstrual period
- Starts between 11-16
- Marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in females
-Elevated levels of oestrogen - Irritability, moodiness, acne, irregularity in periods.
Menopause
- The end of menstruation in females
- Occurs around 45 - 50 years old
- Marks the end of the reproductive phase in females
- lower levels of oestrogen.
- bloating, weight gain, and hair loss
Piloerection
- Muscles connected to hairs contract.
“Goosebumps”
How does the blood flow through the heart and body?
Superior and inferior vena cava dumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium. The blood then travels through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. Next, the blood goes the pulmonic valve and into the pulmonary artery, which leads it into the lungs. There, the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated by external respiration. The co2 from the blood diffuses from the erythrocyte (rbc) and goes into the alveoli. While this is happening, o2 heads into the rbc by diffusion. The now oxygenated blood goes back to the left atrium of the heart by the pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood goes from the left atrium and into the left ventricle by the bicuspid (mitral) valve. The blood then goes into the aorta by way of the aortic valve. The blood is then sent to the cells of tissues and organs throughout the body, where internal respiration is performed. The blood, now deoxygenated, returns back to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava to restart the entire process.
Blood pressure
Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance (vasoconstriction)
Cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume
Stroke volume
Preload ( amount of blood available to right atria) x contractility factor mediated by afterload
Axial skeleton
Skull
Laryngeal skeleton
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Vagina
- Birth canal
- Canal for menstruation
- sexual arousal
- immune response
Grey turner’s
Bruising in flanks caused by reteoperitoneal bleeding
Retroperitoneal
Partially covered by peritoneum
- kidneys
- ureters
- suprarenal glands
- rectum
Intraperitoneal
Completely covered by visceral peritoneum
- stomach
- first part of Duodenum
- jejunem
- ileum
- Transverse Colon
- sigmoid Colon
- liver
- spleen
Immovable joints
Suture joints
Synarthrosis (joints)
Immovable
Amphiarthrosis (joints)
Little movement
Diarthrosis
Full movement
Function of the 💀 Skeleton
- Protects internal organs
- produces blood cells
- stores and releases minerals
- stores calcium
- facilitates movement
Atherosclerosis
Soft plaque build up in Arteries
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the artery.
What is the vallecula
Area between tongue and epiglottis.
Where the blade goes in intubation.
Lead 2
All ekg strips based on lead 2.
- right shoulder always negative and left ankle positive.
- p waves should be upright
Heat dissipation
Sweating and vasodilation.
Bicarbonate buffer system
How the body maintains Acid base balance.
Lymphatic system
Drains interstitial fluid through lymph nodes and brings it to the heart. Low pressure.
Altitude sickness
Usually happens above 8,000 feet
- the higher the altitude, the density of cases in the air decreases.
Cell membranes
- Made of a phospholipid bilayer
- Protects the cell
Interstitial space
-Space between cells
Hematocrit
- Made up of plasma (water, proteins, nutrients, hormones)
- Buffy coat (wbc, platelets)
-rbc
Normal blood hematocrit %
37 - 47% hematocrit for women
42 - 52% hematocrit for men
Anemia
Decreased hematocrit %
Polycythemia
Elevated hematocrit %
The uterus
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Fundus
- Body of uterus
- Cervix
- vagina
Endometrium
Interior wall lining the uterus
Myometrium
Middle layer of uterus made up of smooth muscle
Perimetrium
Exterior lining of uterus
Fundus
If you can palpate above the pubic bone, then they are approximately 10 -12 weeks pregnant.
Systematic vascular resistance
The more constricted, the higher the BP.
Semilunar valves
Aortic and pulmonic
- Heart sounds (need to look up again to see if correct)
- S1 before systole
- S2 before diastole
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Branch into the Autonomic Nervous Sytem and Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary Skeletal Muscles
(Concious muscle movement, sensory)
Autonomic Nervous System
Heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
Branches into the parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic nervous (fight or flight) systems
Hemoglobin
Can carry 4 units of o2
Cerebellum
Fine motor control
Medulla Oblongata
Chemoreceptors
Monitors hydrogen ions and ph
Cushings Reflex
Increased intracranial pressure.
- BP shoots up
- Erratic breathing
- HR drops
What makes energy?
- The Cell
- Mitochondria
- Metabolism
What creates electrical potential?
- Electrolytes/ ions
- Sodium Potassium pump
Cardiocyte action
Resting potential, action potential, repolarization
(Heart/ekg)
Nervous impulses
- Nervous system
- central/autonomic
What does the mitochondria do?
- Stores and releases energy as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Uses the Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to accomplish this.
- Helps with the formation of the heme of hemoglobin, amino acids, the yolk ( during oogenesis), the middle part of sperms ( during spermatogenesis), and some parts of testosterone and estrogen hormones.
- site of heat generation in thermogenesis
- detoxification of ammonia
Cellular respiration
Series of metabolic processes that break down glucose to form energy
Anaerobic Metabolism
- Burns glucose without 02
- make 2 ATP
- Heat, water, and lactic acid byproducts
Aerobic metabolism
- Burns glucose in the presence of o2
- Makes 32 - 34 ATP
- Byproducts are heat, water, and H+.
How does the body eliminate Hydrogen ions (H+) ?
- Bicarbonate Buffer System
- Ventilations increase
- Renal system/kidneys can excrete excess acids or bases
Lactic acid
- Major energy source for mitochondria
- Precursor for glucose production
- signaling molecule
Muscle soreness
Happens due to microdamage to muscles l.
Lactic Acidosis
- Caused by excessive lactic acid build up and the body can not remove it.
- Often occurs as a complication to other health conditions such as heart failure, shock, infection, diabetes, liver damage/disease, kidney disease or failure, sepsis.
Diffusion
Molecules move from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Solvent molecules move from high to low solute concentration
Common ions
Sodium (na+)
Chief Extracellular cation
Potassium (K+)
- Chief intracellular cation
- Helps with repolarization
Resting potential
Inside of cell is negative and outside is positive
Action potential
- Depolarization
- Produces a contraction
Inside of cell is now positive and the outside of cell is negative
Sodium potassium pump
- Creates a change in membrane (electric) potential.
- switches 3 na+ from inside the cell and 2 k+ from outside the cell.
Calcium during depolarization
Helps keep it going
Acetylcholinesterase
Cancels out the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Sympathetic neurotransmitter
- Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine receptor sites
*A1 - constricts
*A2 - mediator (prevents A1 from fully constricting)
*B1 (heart) - faster, contraction, and speeds up impulses
*B2 - dilates bronchial
Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine receptor sites
- Muscarinic
- Nicotinic
Vagus nerve
Connects to SA node and slows it down.
Cardiocytes
Automaticity
Intrinsic rates of the heart
* SA node - 60 - 100 BPM
*AV node - 40 - 60 BPM
* Purkinji fibers - 20 - 40 BPM
Cardiocytes
Conductivity
Can conduct from cell to cell
Cardiocytes
Excitability
When one fires, they all fire
Cardiocytes
Contractility
Allows contraction
Intercalated disks
Helps to speed up signals in the muscle fibers
