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Medic Class 2024 > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH)

A

-Comes from the pituitary
-stimulates the thyroid

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2
Q

Hering Breuer Reflex

A

Stretch Reflex in lungs (inflation and deflation)

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3
Q

Medulla chemoreceptors

A

Co2 and hydrogen ions

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4
Q

Carotid and aortic arch chemoreceptors

A

02

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5
Q

Solvent

A

Matter can be
dissolved or suspended

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6
Q

Solid organs

A

*liver
*spleen
*pancreas
*kidneys
*adrenals
*ovaries

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7
Q

Hollow organs

A

*stomach
*intestines
*gallbladder
*urinary bladder
*uterus

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8
Q

Atlas

A

C1
First vertebrae

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9
Q

Axis

A

C2
has dens attached

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low

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11
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

With oxygen
32-34 ATP
Heat, water, and H+

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12
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Without Oxygen
2-4 ATP
Heat, Water, and lactic acid by-products

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13
Q

Blood Flow through body

A

Superior and inferior vena cava dumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium. The blood then travels through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. Next, the blood goes the pulmonic valve and into the pulmonary artery, which leads it into the lungs. There, the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated by external respiration. The co2 from the blood diffuses from the erythrocyte (rbc) and goes into the alveoli. While this is happening, o2 heads into the rbc by diffusion. The now oxygenated blood goes back to the left atrium of the heart by the pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood goes from the left atrium and into the left ventricle by the bicuspid (mitral) valve. The blood then goes into the aorta by way of the aortic valve. The blood is then sent to the cells of tissues and organs throughout the body, where internal respiration is performed. The blood, now deoxygenated, returns back to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava to restart the entire process.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body in balance

*Hormone components
-Receptor sites
-Control center
-Effectors

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Made up of endothelium
(Basement membrane)

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16
Q

Skin Layers

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous (fatty layer)

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17
Q

3 lead

A

*Heart rate
*Rhythm (regularity)
*Voltage

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18
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

Somatic
and autonomic

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20
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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21
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic
(involuntary movement of smooth muscle, glands, and organs)

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22
Q

Neovascularization

A

How the body develops new vessels from undamaged capillaries

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Personality, behaviors

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24
Q

Temporal

A

Speech

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25
Q

Occipital

A

Vision

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26
Q

Intrapericardiac pressure

A

Limiting factor of cardiac anatomy

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27
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidney

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28
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes steroids
Assembles/repairs cell membrane
Assists in transport of macro molecules

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29
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosome
Folds proteins
Chemicals added to protein

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30
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Full movement
(Metacarpals)

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31
Q

Common elements

A

02 is the most important element in body

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32
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Fill during diastole

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33
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance the heart must pump
(Open the aortic valve)

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34
Q

Sodium potassium pump
(Polarized)

A

Resting potential
(Ready for a run)

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35
Q

Sodium potassium pump
(Depolarized)

A
  • Action potential
    -3 sodium (na+) comes in cell and 2 potassium (k+) leave cell
  • leaving on a run
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36
Q

Sodium potassium pump
(Repolarization)

A

-Returning back to being polarized
-2 potassium k+ enter the cell and 3 na+ sodium leave the cell

  • coming back from a run
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37
Q

Cardiocytes
(Excitability)

A

Allows the heart cells to function as a single unit
- they all fire

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38
Q

Cardiocytes
(Conductivity)

A

Conducts electrical impulses

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39
Q

Cardiocytes
(Automaticity)

A

The intrinsic rates
*SA node - 60 -100 BPM
*AV node - 40 - 60 BPM
*Purkenji Fibers - 20 - 40 BPM

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40
Q

Cardiocytes
(Contractility)

A

Ability to contract

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41
Q

Reticular Activating system

A

Controls consciousness

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42
Q

Isotonic

A

Same amount of particles as another solution

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43
Q

Hypertonic

A

More particles

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44
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less particles

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45
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone tissue

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46
Q

Osteoblast

A

Builds bone

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47
Q

Osteogenic

A

Stem cell

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48
Q

Osteoclast

A

Reabsorbs bone

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49
Q

Tidal volume

A

500 ml

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50
Q

Alveolar volume

A

(Tidal volume - dead air space) × RR

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51
Q

Dead air space

A

150 ml

52
Q

Minute volume

A

Tidal volume times Respiration Rate

53
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Pale, cool, classy skin
Chest pain ( may radiate to jaw/L arm)
Nausea
Impending Doom

54
Q

Norepinephrine

A

More alpha 1 sites
Powerful vasoconstictor

55
Q

Glomeruler filtration rate

A

170 liters per day

56
Q

Extracellular cation

A

Sodium

57
Q

Intracellular cation

A

Potassium

58
Q

Theoretical infection

A

Theory of infection with no proof

59
Q

Fsh hormone

A

Made by pituitary gland
Promotes follicle creation on ovary
Promotes estrogen Secretion by follicles

60
Q

LH hormone

A

Made in pituitary
Promotes ovulation and corpus luteum formation
Promotes estrogen Secretion by follicles

61
Q

Estrogen

A

Made by developing follicles and corpus luteum in ovary

Inhibits FSH Secretion
Stimulates LH Secretion from pituitary

62
Q

Progesterone

A

Made by corpus luteum

Prepares endometrium for implantation
Helps maintain and nourish baby
BP regulation
Cognition
Bone protection
Lowers cancer risk

63
Q

PRI

A

Measures from beginning of p wave to beginning of q or r wave

64
Q

Tissues

A

Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Epithelial
Muscle
connective
Nervous
Adipose

65
Q

Liver

A

Detoxification of blood

66
Q

Crenation

A

Cell shriveled in hypertonic solutions

67
Q

Lysing

A

Cells burst in hypotonic solutions

68
Q

Gas transportation

A

Four 02 on hemoglobin
Co2 in plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

69
Q

D5W

A

Becomes hypotonic when it enters the body

70
Q

Insulin

A

Allows sugar into cells and turns excess glucose to glycogen in the liver

71
Q

02 in air

A

21%

72
Q

Meninges

A

Skin
Periosteum
Cranium
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

73
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

74
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

75
Q

S1 (Lub)

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves closing

76
Q

S2 (Dub)

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves closing

Pulse is palpable in between s1 and s2

77
Q

Latent period

A

Disease cannot be transmitted

78
Q

Window phase

A

Time between infection and when disease can be detected

79
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

C3, C4,C5
Innervates diaphragm to flex

80
Q

Water

A

Most essential nutrient for cell function

81
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Reabsorbs glucose into nephron

82
Q

Sympathetic NS ( receptors)

A

A1 - vasoconstriction
A2 - mediator
B1 - heart
B2 - lung muscles relax
B3- piloerection

83
Q

Renal failure patients

A

Great risk of environmental emergency

84
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes seminal fluids

85
Q

Least responsible for blood returning to heart

A

Systolic BP

86
Q

Heart layers from inside to out

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral layer)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal layer of pericardium
Fibrous pericardium

87
Q

Trachea

A

C rings keep trachea from collapsing due to negative pressure

88
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones to maintain homeostasis

89
Q

Carina

A

Split of trachea to lungs
(Right is straight)

90
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects oral and nasal cavity to esophagus, trachea, and larynx

91
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Always begins with diastole from 1 beat to another

92
Q

Cerebellum

A

Fine motor control (athlete’s or musician’s brain)

93
Q

Cerebrum

A

Intelligence, decision making, cognitive, and memory

94
Q

Infarction

A

Cardiac cell death

95
Q

Electrolytes

A

Produce negative or positive ions

96
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsing of alveoli or while lung collapse

97
Q

Heart conduction

A

-Sa node
- AV node
- bundle of his
- left and right bundle branches
- purkenji fibers

98
Q

H+

A

Controlled by buffer system

99
Q

Leads 1, 11, 111

A

Limb leads / bipolar leads

100
Q

During diastole what valves are open/closed?

A

Tricuspid and mitral open
Aortic and pulmonic are closed

101
Q

First phase of cardiac cycle

A

Diastole

102
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Water leaving capillaries into interstitial space

103
Q

Ph levels

A

7 - neutral
7.35 - 7.45 normal blood
Under 7.35 is acidic
Above 7.45 is alkalotic

104
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secretes sebum onto hair and skin to lubricate

105
Q

How does the body attempt to correct hypoxia due to COPD

A

Produces more RBC by releasing EPO which causes RBC to mature in bone marrow

106
Q

Isle of langerhans
Alpha cells

A

Glucagon ( raises blood glucose)

107
Q

Isle of langerhans
Beta cells

A

Insulin ( lowers blood glucose)

108
Q

Isle of langerhans
Delta cells

A

Somatostatin ( mediator)

109
Q

Mediastinum

A

Between lungs and houses the heart, trachea, great vessels and other essential nerves

110
Q

Outer layers of skin

A

Protection

111
Q

Perineum

A

Women

112
Q

Peritoneum

A

Front of thoracic cavity

113
Q

Capillary structure

A
114
Q

Fibroblast

A

Makes collagen

115
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Precursor to fibroblast

116
Q

Neuron parts and function

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Axon hillock
Axon
Schwann Cell
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Axon terminal

117
Q

What does the heart do to compensate for blood loss

A

Beats faster

118
Q

Menarche

A

First period

119
Q

Menopause

A

No more periods

120
Q

Glycosuria

A

Happens after blood sugar reaches 180 - 190

121
Q

Manubrium

A

Top of sternum

122
Q

12 lead
V1 & V2

A

septum

123
Q

12 lead
V3 & V4

A

Anterior

124
Q

12 lead
V5 & V6

A

Lateral

125
Q

12 lead
1 & avL

A

Lateral

126
Q

12 lead
11, 111, avf

A

Inferior

Medic Class 2024 (9 decks)

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