Cranial Nerves Flashcards
what nervous system are the spinal nerves and cranial nerves a part of?
peripheral nervous system
what do the spinal nerves connect?
the spinal cord to the peripheral structures
what do the cranial nerves connect?
the brain and brain stem to head and neck structures
what type of information (motor/sensory) do spinal nerves carry?
both motor and sensory
where are the cell bodies of motor information located? what are they called?
in the CNS (brain/spinal cord); called nucleus
where do motor cells carry information?
to muscles or glands
where are the cell bodies of sensory information located? what are they called?
in PNS; called ganglia
what is an autonomic ganglia?
a collection of nerve cells bodies outside the CNS (ganglia) that contains cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic cells
what are the 12 cranial nerves?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vagina And Hymen: I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducent VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal
what is the function of the 12 cranial nerves?
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S = sensory,
M = motor
B = both
what foramina do the cranial nerves travel through?
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for Cribriform plate (Olfactory), Optic canal (Optic), Superior Orbital Fissure (Oculomotor), Superior Orbital Fissure (Trochlear), Superior Orbital Fissure (Trigeminal - Ophthalmic), Foramen Rotundum (Trigeminal - Maxillary), Foramen Ovale (Trigeminal - Mandibular), Superior Orbital Fissure (Abducens), Internal Acoustic Meatus (Facial) Or Stylomastoid Foramen (Facial), Internal Acoustic Meatus (Vestibulocochlear), Jugular Foramen (Glossopharyngeal), Jugular Foramen (Vagus), Jugular Foramen (Accessory), Hypoglossal Canal (Hypoglossal)
Sensory nerves
afferent nerves; carry information from peripheral to CNS
Which of the 12 cranial nerves are Somatic Sensory Nerves (General Somatic Afferent; GSA)
V, VII, IX, X
what sensations do general somatic afferent (sensory somatic) nerves carry?
pain, temperature, and touch
where are the receptors of general somatic afferent (sensory somatic) nerves located
skin, muscle, tendon, ligaments
where are the cell bodies of general somatic afferent (sensory somatic) nerves located?
in the ganglia associated with the nerve
which of the 12 cranial nerves are special sensory (special afferent; SA)
I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X
where are the receptors of special sensory (special afferent; SA) located
olfactory epithelium, taste buds, retina, and inner ear
what sensations do special sensory (special afferent; SA) nerves carry?
smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance
where are the cell bodies of special sensory (special afferent; SA) nerves locate?
in the associated cranial nerve ganglia EXCEPT FOR VISION
which of the 12 cranial nerves are visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) ?
IX, X
what sensations/actions do visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) nerves carry?
associated with reflexes or autonomic function
where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) nerves located?
associated with the nerves
what do somatic nerves innervate? what do visceral nerves innervate?
somatic = to body wall (skeletal, muscle, joints, ligaments, etc.) visceral = to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
which of the 12 cranial nerves are somatic motor (general somatic efferent; GSE) nerves
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
what do somatic motor (general somatic efferent; GSE) nerves supply?
skeletal muscle
which of the 12 cranial nerves are visceral motor (general visceral efferent) nerves?
III,VILL, XI, X
what do visceral motor (general visceral efferent) nerves supply?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
where does synapse of visceral motor (general visceral efferent) nerves occur?
in the cranial nerves, the GSE are the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers; synapse occurs in ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia, and the enteric plexus
which of the 12 cranial nerves are pharyngeal motor (pharyngeal efferent, branchial efferent; BE)
V,VII,IX,X
what do pharyngeal motor (pharyngeal efferent, branchial efferent; BE) nerves supply?
muscles in the head that are derived from the pharyngeal arches (skeletal muscles of mastication, facial, pharynx, larynx)
what nerve travels through the cribiform plate?
I: olfactory
what nerve travels through the optic canal?
II: optic
what nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?
III, IV, VI, Vone
what nerves travel through the foramen rotundum
Vtwo
what nerves travel through the foramen ovale
Vthree
what nerves travel through the internal acoustic meatus
VII, VIII
what nerves travel through the jugular foramen
IX, X XI
what nerves travel through the hypoglossal canal
XII
What is the function of cranial nerve I
Olfactory Nerve: special sensory for smell
where are receptors for cranial nerve I located?
Olfactory Nerve; in the nasal cavity
How is the special sensation of smell perceived? (course from receptor to perception)
odors stimulate receptors in the nasal cavity which are connected to many olfactory nerves; the nerves pass through openings in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and terminate in the olfactory bulb; from the olfactory bulb information related to smell is related through the olfactory stalk (tract) to olfactory areas in the cerebrum
What is the function of cranial nerve II
Optic Nerve; Special sensory for vision
where are receptors for cranial nerve II located?
in the retina
How is the special sensation of vision perceived? (course from receptor to perception)
receptors in the retina detect vision and carry the information though the optic nerve; the optic nerve passes through optic canal; at the optic chiasm, just anterior to the pituitary gland, some of the vision fibers cross and information is then carried in the optic tract to the brain stem
What is the function of cranial nerve III
Oculomotor Nerve:
Somatic Motor: to all of the extrinsic eye muscles EXCEPT LR and SO (motor to levator palpebrae superioris, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
Visceral Motor: (parasympathetic) to sphincter pupillae (papillary constriction) and cilary muscles (change shape of lens for near vision)
what is papillary constriction? what cranial nerve controls it?
papillary constriction; controlled by oculomotor
what is the function of the ciliary muscles? what cranial nerve controls them?
change the shape of the lens for near vision; controlled by oculomotor
What is the travel path of cranial nerve III?
oculomotor; passes through the lateral wall of cavernous sinus, then through superior orbital fissure into the orbit
what is the function of cranial nerve IV:
Trochlear nerve
Somatic Motor to superior oblique (SO) muscle
what is the function of cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal
Somatic Sensory: to most of face and anterior scalp and most of dura
Pharyngeal Motor: for masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids (muscles of mastication), tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, anterior belly of the digastic, and mylohyoid
what are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve? which of the divisions has motor components?
Vone = ophthalmic
Vtwo = maxillary
Vthree = mandibular
Only V 3 has motor components
what is the function of V 1? what is it’s path of travel?
function: sensory from upper part of face and scalp, cornea, orbit, nasal cavity, upper eyelid, part of nose.
path: in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, then passes through the superior orbital fissure
what is the function of V 2? what is it’s path of travel?
function: sensory from cheek area, upper teeth and gums, nose, lower eyelid, upper lip
path: in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus, then passes through the foramen rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa
what is the function of V 3? what is it’s path of travel?
function: sensory from lower face, lower teeth and gums, lower lip, anterior 2/3 of tongue, part of external ear, external acoustic meatus, and lateral tympanic membrane, **motor division
path: leaves the skull through the foramen ovale and enters the infratemporal fossa
What is the function of the cranial nerve IV?
abducent nerve; somatic motor to lateral rectus muscle (LR)
what is the travel path of cranial nerve IV
in the cavernous sinus, then passes through the superior orbital fissure to get into the orbit
what are the functions of cranial nerve V?
Facial nerve;
Somatic Sensory: from external acoustic meatus
Special sensory: for taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Visceral motor: (parasymp) to sublingual and submandibular glands (salivary), lacrimal gland, and mucus glands of palate and nasal cavity
Pharyngeal motor: to the muscles of facial expression, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric, and stylohyoid muscle
What is the travel path of the cranial nerve V?
leaves the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus;
enters the faical canal in the petrous temporal bone;
has a genticulate ganglion, which is wehre sensory neuron cell bodies are located;
gives off a greater petrosal nerve, which carries parasympathetics for the lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands;
gives off a chorda tympani branch, which carries taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and parasympathetics for the submandibular abd sublingual glands;
pharyngeal motor fibers exit the skull through the sylomastoid foramen
what is the function of the cranial nerve VI?
vestibulocochlear nerve; special sensory for hearing and balance
what is the travel path of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
from the inner ear it passes through the internal acoustic meatus to the brain stem (2 parts come together)
what is the function of cranial nerve VII?
glossopharyngeal
somatic sensory: from posterior tongue, pharynx, middle ear, medial side of tympanic membrane
visceral sensory: from carotid body and sinus
special sensory: for taste from posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Pharyngeal motor: stylopharyngeus muscle
what is the travel path of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
leaves skull via jugular foramen; has tympanic branch that carries parasympathetics destined for the parotid gland
what is the function of cranial nerve X?
Vagus Nerve
Somatic sensory: from external acoustic meatus
Visceral Sensory: from aortic body and aortic arch receptors pharynx, larynx, viscera of thorax and most of abdomen
Special Sensory: for taste from the epiglottis
Visceral Motor: (parasymp) to smooth muscle and glands of pharynx, larynx, viscera of thorax and most of abdominal viscera
Pharyngeal motor: to palatoglossus, most muscles of pharynx and palate, laryngeal muscles
what is the travel path of the vagus nerve?
passes through the jugular foramen into the neck
What is the function of cranial nerve XI?
Accessory Nerve;
Somatic Motor: to Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
what is the travel path of the accessory nerve?
begins in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD (NOT cranium); ascends through the foramen magnum, exits the skull through jugular foramen
what is the function of cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal Nerve;
Somatic Motor: to all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue EXCEPT palatoglossus
what is the path of the hypoglossal nerve?
exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal (crosses the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid artery)
what nerve travels through the inferior orbital fissure and groove, infraorbital foramen
V 2, infraorbital nerve
what nerve travels through the mandibular foramen?
V3, inferior alveolar nerve
what nerve travels through the mental foramen?
mental nerve (part of V3)
what nerve travels through the stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve (VII)
what nerve travels through the hiatus for greater petrosal nerve?
greater petrosal nerve
what nerve travels through the petrotympanic fissure?
chorda tympani
what nerve travels through the hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
lesser petrosal nerve
