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Anatomy Unit II: Head and Neck > Anterior Triangle > Flashcards

Anterior Triangle Flashcards

0
Q

The anterior neck includes 7 cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone. It also includes which cartilages?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal cartilages. Also, important bony parts of the anterior neck include the inferior margin of the mandible, the sternum and clavicle

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1
Q

Superficial fascia encloses the entire neck and deep structures are covered by deep facsia. Which layer covers the SCM and trapezius?

A

Investing layer

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2
Q

The muscles joining these bones and muscles in the anterior neck are called ______ and what are they?

A

Infrahyoid or strap muscles - sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid. These muscles cover the anterior and lateral sides of the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland and are contents of the muscular compartment

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3
Q

All of the strap muscles are supplied by the cervical plexus through:

A

Ansa cervicalis

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4
Q

The 4 triangles of the anterior neck are:

A
  1. Carotid
  2. Muscular
  3. Submental
  4. Submandibular
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5
Q

Boundaries of the carotid triangle:

A

Anterior: Superior belly of omohyoid
Posterior: Anterior border of SCM
Superior: Posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
Floor: Post. - inferior pharyngeal constrictor m, Ant - thyrohyoid m. and hyoglossus m.
Roof: investing layer of fascia, cutaneous nerves, and platysma

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6
Q

Contents of carotid triangle:

A
  1. Common carotid artery
  2. External carotid artery
  3. Internal carotid artery
  4. Nerves - Vagus (+ branches - superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal), hypoglossal n, and sinus n (from glossopharyngeal)
  5. Internal jugular vein
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7
Q

Common carotid artery on the left, arises from _______ and on the right, arises from the ______.

A

Aortic arch; Brachiocephalic artery posterior to the right sterno-clavicular joint.

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8
Q

In the carotid sheath, the common carotid a, internal jugular v, and vagus n ascend _____ and _____ to the SCM m.

A

Posterior and medial. Also a vagus sandwich

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9
Q

At what level does the common carotid bifurcate into the external and internal carotid arteries?

A

At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Where is the carotid sinus? Specifically.

A

Slight dilatation of the proximal part of the internal carotid artery

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11
Q

The carotid sinus is a:

A

Baroreceptor: sensor of blood pressure changes, helps to regulate blood pressure and the amount of blood flow to the brain.

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12
Q

The carotid sinus and carotid body are innervated by:

A

IX - Glossopharyngeal - called the sinus nerve - pressure on the sinus stimulates the sinus nerve which slows the heart rate and decreases blood pressure via the vagus nerve - too much pressure on the sinus may cause fainting

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13
Q

The carotid body is a _____ and is made up of:

A

Chemoreceptor - measures chemical changes in the blood stream - pO2 and pCO2, modulates blood flow to assure appropriate distribution of O2 to brain

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14
Q

The external carotid artery ascends thru the carotid triangle, ____ to posterior belly of digastric m. and then enters the ______ near the ramus of the mandible.

A

Medial; enters parotid gland. It terminated behind the neck of the mandible in the parotid gland by diving into the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries.

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15
Q

Branches of the external carotid artery:

A 
Superior thyroid a.
Ascending pharyngeal a.
Lingual a.
Facial a.
Occipital a.
Posterior auricular a.
Maxillary a.
Superficial temporal a.
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16
Q

Superior thyroid a supplies the _______ and is related to the ________.

A

Thyroid gland; accompanies the EXTERNAL Laryngeal n.

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17
Q

A branch of the superior thyroid a - the _______ - accompanies the large internal nerve. Both course through:

A

Superior laryngeal a; With the internal laryngeal nerve, they course thru the THYROHYOID MEMBRANE to supply the larynx

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18
Q

Ascending pharyngeal a:

A

Courses medially towards the upper portion of the pharyngeal wall –> supplies the palatine tonsil and the pharynx

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19
Q

Lingual a is inferior to the _______ m. It courses deep to this muscle and then between:

A

Posterior digastric m; travels between the hyoglossus m and the MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR M. in the submandibular triangle –> supplies the tongue

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20
Q

Facial a. is frequently in common with what other artery? And which gland is it related to?

A

Lingual a (linguofacial trunk); related to submandibular gland but does not supply it; –> supplies the face

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21
Q

Occipital a. arises from _____ of external carotid. What cranial nerve winds around it near its origin?

A

Posterior aspect; Hypoglossal (XII)

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22
Q

Posterior auricular a supplies:

A

Auricle and scalp

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23
Q

THe internal carotid a. begins at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and enters the skull through the carotid canal of the temporal bone. Where does it end? What does it divide into? Does it have branches in the neck?

A

Ends in middle cranial fossa; Divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries; has NO branches in the neck

24
Q

Which nerve crosses over the internal carotid a?

A

Hypoglossal n. The internal carotid courses deep to the posterior digastric. The external carotid is at first anteromedial but then it is lateral. The internal jugular v. and vagus n. are lateral to external carotid

25
Q

What does the internal carotid a. lie on?

A

Superior cervical ganglion, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral muscles, and the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-3. Medially it is related to the pharynx.

26
Q

Is the internal carotid in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus or does it go through it?

A

It goes through it with the abducent nerve. It runs along the sella turcica, then pierces the dural roof near the posterior clinoid, and forms a u-shaped carotid siphon - this is important for site of aneurysm.

27
Q

The vagus n. runs:

A

Behind and between the internal jugular v. and internal/common carotid a.

28
Q

What does the vagus n. supply in the anterior triangle?

A

The vagus n. has a superior ganglion within the jugular foramen, and an inferior ganglion just below the foramen –> supplies motor branches to the pharynx and larynx

29
Q

What are the branches of the vagus n?

A
  1. Superior laryngeal n.

2. Recurrent laryngeal n.

30
Q

Superior laryngeal n. divides into:

A
  1. Large internal laryngeal n. - pierces the thyrohyoid membrane and is SENSORY to the laryngeal mucosa ABOVE the vocal cords
  2. Small external laryngeal n. - accompanies the superior thyroid a. and supplies MOTOR to the cricothyroid m. and part of the inferior constrictor m. of the pharynx.
    * Damage to the external laryngeal n. causes a change in voice quality - monotone (clinical sign of vagal n. disorder)
31
Q

Recurrent laryngeal n. arises from:

A

On the right side - from the vagus in front of the first part of the subclavian a, winds around that vessel, and ascends in the groove between the trachea and esophagus. On the left side - arises in thorax and winds around the aortic arch behind the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum

32
Q

Hypoglossal n course:

A

Courses posterior to posterior belly of digastric and thru the upper part of the carotid triangle –> crosses external carotid and occipital a.
At first, the hypoglossal n. courses lateral to the external carotid and is looped by the occipital a., then it crosses the external carotid, enters the submandibular triangle by coursing deep to the posterior digastric and IN BETWEEN hyoglossus and mylohyoid m.

33
Q

What does the hypoglossal n. supply?

A

All of the intrinsic and extrinsic m. of the tongue EXCEPT for the palatoglossus (X).

34
Q

Sinus n. comes from where? And supplies what?

A

From glossopharyngeal (IX) and supplies carotid body and sinus

35
Q

Internal jugular vein is a dilated continuation of which sinus?

A

Sigmoid sinus; enters neck through the jugular foramen and transverse entire neck enclosed in the carotid sheath

36
Q

Muscular triangle consists of:

A

All the muscles that are related to the thyroid gland - strap (-OID muscles) - sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid. Mylohyoid and geniohyoid part of the floor

37
Q

The submental triangle is formed by:

A

Mandibular symphysis, anterior bellies of the digastrics (superior), and the body of the hyoid bone (inferior), and the mylohyoid m. This triangle contains some lymph nodes and tributaries forming the anterior jugular v.

38
Q

Submandibular (digastic) triangle is bounded by:

A

Inferior border of the mandible and the two bellies of the digastric m. (arise from the mastoid notch on the medial aspect of the mastoid process).

The triangle includes: submandibular gland, facial a., facial v., stylohyoid m, mylohyoid m, geniohyoid m, hyoglossus m, and middle constrictor, part of the hypoglossal (XII) n. and some lymph nodes

39
Q

The intermediate tendon of the digastric mm. is anchored to the ______ by a fascial sling formed by the _________. It helps to _____ the mandible and ____ the hyoid bone.

A

Hyoid bone; formed by the investing layer of fascia; m. helps to lower the mandible and raise the hyoid bone

40
Q

The anterior belly of the digastric m. is innervated by:

A

Mylohyoid n. (branch of V3)

41
Q

The posterior belly of the digastric m is innervated by:

A

Facial nerve XII (same with stylohyoid)

42
Q

The stylohyoid m. pulls the hyoid bone:

A

Posteriorly and superiorly

43
Q

Geniohyoid m. arises from the inferior mental spine of the mandible and runs inferiorly to be attached to the anterior surface of the hyoid bone. This lies deep to the _______ m. and is innervated by what?

A

Mylohyoid m.; first cervical nerve

44
Q

Hyoglossus m. arises from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and inserts on the tongue. What innervates it and what does it do?

A

Innervated by hypoglossal n (XII); one of the tongue muscles - depresses it (hyo I’m depressing). Its fibers run at a right angle to the fibers of the mylohyoid **

45
Q

Middle constrictor m. is the fan-shaped m. that arises from the superior border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and is inserted into the posterior median fibrous raphae, blending in the midline with the muscle of the opposite side. What does it do?

A

This pharyngeal m. constricts the pharynx

46
Q

Contents of Submandibular triangle:

A
  1. Submandibular gland
  2. Sublingual gland
  3. Blood vessels: facial artery, facial v, lingual a.
  4. Nerves: Mylohyoid n (motor), hypoglossal n., and lingual n.
  5. Submandibular ganglion
47
Q

Submandibular gland (paired salivary gland):

A

Covered by investing layer of fascia
Superficial part is crossed by the facial v. and branches of facial n.
Facial a. is embedded in a groove on the posterior gland
***The lingual n. loops under its duct and is anteromedial in the floor of the mouth
Saliva (product) carried by the duct –> runs anteriorly BETWEEN the mylohyoid and hyoglossus m. (so it runs with the hypoglossal n. and according to Grant’s, also with the lingual n) –> opens at the tongue

48
Q

The submandibular gland is innervated by:

A

Submandibular ganglion

49
Q

The sublingual gland is in the floor of the mouth between:

A

The mandible and the genioglossus. It is related superiorly to the sublingual fold in the floor of the mouth and inferiorly with the mylohyoid.

50
Q

Sublingual gland is innervated by:

A

Submandibular ganglion - parasympathetic and secretomotor

51
Q

Facial a. course:

A

Ascends deep to the posterior belly of digastric m and enters the groove on the posterior border of the submandibular gland –> turns downward deep TO the gland and then winds around the lower border of the mandible at the ANTERIOR MARGIN OF THE MASSETER and proceeds upward in the face

52
Q

The facial v. lies ______ the facial a. and runs:

A

Behind; begins at the medial angle of the eye as the ANGULAR v. and ends in the internnal jugular v.

53
Q

Lingual a. is the principal a. of the ______ and courses anteriorly deep to the _______.

A

Tongue; hyoglossus m.

54
Q

Mylohyoid n. is a branch of _______ is supplies ______ to:

A

V3; supplies MOTOR to the mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric. It lies on the superficial surface of the mylohyoid m

55
Q

Hypoglossal n. courses between ______ and _____ and supplies the:

A

Mylohyoid and hyoglossus mm; supplies all the intrinsic and extrinsic m. of the tongue except for palatoglossus (X)

56
Q

Lingual n., a branch of ____ receives taste fibers from:

A

Branch of V3; taste fibers come from the facial n. (XII) via the chorda tympani.
This n. also runs between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus mm.

57
Q

What hangs from the lingual n?

A

The submandibular ganglion (near the submandibular gland). It supplies general sensory to the anterior 2/3 of tongue, and taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue by the chorda tympani

58
Q

Submandibular ganglion:

A

Located on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus m, located in between mylohyoid and hyoglossus mm. and is suspended from the lingual n. It is a relay station for the secretomotor fibers of the facial n (XII). Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the ganglion to supply –> submandibular and sublingual glands

Anatomy Unit II: Head and Neck (15 decks)

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