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BPM1 Exam 4 - Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Renal 1 > CPR 17 - Lipoproteins 1 > Flashcards

CPR 17 - Lipoproteins 1 Flashcards

1
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2
Q

What lipids cannot be transported through blood by albumin? How are they transported?

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3
Q

What are lipoproteins and what do they do?

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4
Q

Describe the basic structure of a lipoprotein and how that structure enables it transport lipids through the blood.

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5
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6
Q

What are the functions of apolipoproteins?

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7
Q

What are chylomicrons? Where do they come from and what do they contain?

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8
Q

What are VLDLs? Where do they come from and what do they contain?

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9
Q

What are LDLs? Where do they come from and what do they carry?

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10
Q

What are HDLs? What do they do and what do they contain?

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11
Q

How are lipoproteins separated by ultra centrifugation?

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12
Q

How are lipoproteins separated by electrophoresis?

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13
Q

List the molecules found in a chylomicron and state what percentage each accounts for.

A

TAGs - 90%

Cholesterol/Cholesterol Esters - 5%

Lipid Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K) - 5%

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14
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15
Q

Where is apo B48 found and how is it synthesized?

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16
Q

What cells synthesize chylomicrons? How do they do this?

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17
Q

What type of chylomicron is released by intestinal mucosal cells? Why are they called this?

A

Nascent chylomicrons

Because they’re functionally incomplete

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18
Q

How does a nascent chylomicron become a mature chylomicron?

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19
Q

What cleaves TAGs off of lipoproteins? Where is this enzyme found? Is it constitutively active?

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20
Q

What happens to the free fatty acids cleaved off of lipoproteins?

A

They are taken up into muscle or fat cells

21
Q

How is LPL activity regulated? How does this vary by tissue type?

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22
Q

Where is the most LDL found and why?

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23
Q

How does insulin affect LPLs in adipocytes?

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24
Q

What is a chylomicron remnant and what happens to it?

A
25
Q

What forms a VLDL? What do they contain primarily? Give percentages.

A

Formed in hepatocytes and contain endogenous lipids

TAGs - 60%

Cholesterol/Cholesterol Esters - 20%

26
Q

How does a nascent VLDL become a functional VLDL?

A
27
Q

What are the primary funcions of VLDLs?

A
  1. To prevent TAG accumulation in hepatocytes
  2. To provide substrates for LPL resulting in fatty acids for other cells
  3. To generate LDL which can distribute cholesterol esters to cells that need it
28
Q

What is the VLDL remnant? How does it become this? What is its function?

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29
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A
30
Q

When will chylomicrons not be seen in the blood?

A

When a person has been fasting

31
Q

Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage cholesterol? Give its percentage of cholesterols and TAGs.

A

LDL

Cholesterol/Cholesterol Esters - 50%

TAGs - 8%

32
Q

Where are LDLs formed and how? What are the primary functions?

A

They are formed by hepatic lipase in the capillaries of the liver from IDL in the blood.

Their purpose is to transport cholesterol esters in the blood and deliver cholesterol to cells that need it for their plasma membranes or steroid hormone synthesis.

33
Q

Where is most LDL found and why?

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34
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35
Q

Describe how LDL and IDL are endocytosed by hepatocytes.

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36
Q

How and when do hepatocytes store cholesterol?

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37
Q

What is HMG CoA reductase? How does it respond to high cytosolic cholesterol levels?

A

HMG CoA reductase is an enzyme that is crucial to the pathway that forms cholesterols from acetyl CoA. When cytosolic cholesterol levels are high this enzyme is inhibited.

38
Q

How does LDL receptor expression respond to cholesterol levels? Why is this important?

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39
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40
Q

Describe what occurs in the liver, in relation to cholesterol, after a cholesterol rich meal.

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41
Q

What is the function of Apo B48 and where does it come from?

A

Apo B48 is needed for synthesis and release of chylomicrons and VLDL. They are structural components of these lipoproteins and are not interchanged with HDL. Therefore, they only come from the hepatocytes that synthesize the lipoprotein.

42
Q

What is the function of Apo B100 and where does it come from?

A

Apo B100 is needed for synthesis and release of chylomicrons and VLDL. It is also needed for recognition by the LDL receptor. They are structural components of these lipoproteins and are not interchanged with HDL. Therefore, they only come from the hepatocytes that synthesize the lipoprotein.

43
Q

What leads to the formation of foamy cells?

A

The oxidation of Apo B100 to oxLDL and its subsequent uptake by macrophages

44
Q

What is the primary function of Apo E? What occurs if it is deficient?

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45
Q

What is the primary function of Apo C-II? What happens if it is deficient?

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46
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A
47
Q

Can oxLDLs be taken up by hepatocytes via the LDL receptor?

A

No

48
Q

What can take up an oxLDL and how? Why is this important?

A

BPM1 Exam 4 - Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Renal 1 (22 decks)

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