CPR 12 - Heart 4

Question 1

What is a congenital heart defect (CHD)?

Answer 1

A problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.

Question 2

What are the most common causes of CHDs?

Answer 2

Question 3

Which CHDs are associated with Down Syndrome?

Answer 3

• AV septal defects (AVSD)
• Isolated ASD or VSD
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• PDA

Question 4

What are the most frequent types of AVSDs in trisomy 21?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the most common clinical presentations of CHD?

Answer 5

Question 6

What occurs with right to left shunt CHDs? What complications can they cause? What diseases typically causes these?

Answer 6

Question 7

What occurs with left to right shunt CHDs? What complications do they cause? What diseases cause them?

Answer 7

Question 8

How can neural crest cell migration lead to CHDs? What are the main CHD defects associated with this?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 9

A CHD of unknown cause that presents with four (tetralogy) heart malformations: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and VSD

Question 10

How can faulty neural crest cell migration cause a VSD?

Answer 10

This also causes an overriding aorta.

Question 11

How can faulty neural crest cell migration cause a pulmonary stenosis?

Answer 11

Question 12

What causes the right ventricular hypertrophy seen in tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 12

Increased work load caused by the pulmonary stenosis

Question 13

What diseases are often seen with tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 13

DiGeorge

Down’s Syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 14

What is a transposition of the great vessels? What is its cause, prognosis, and what is frequently associated with?

Answer 14

Question 15

What is a persistent trunchus arteriosus? What causes it and what other disorders is it frequently associated with?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is a “Totally Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?” What are its symptoms and prognosis? Where does it usually occur?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is and what causes ectopia cordis?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is and causes pericarditis? What is its signature symptom?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is and what causes a pericardial effusion?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is and what commonly causes pericardial tamponade? What are its clinical signs and treatment options?

Answer 20

Question 21

Describe the venous drainage of the upper limb.

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the aortic knob?

Answer 22

The aortic knob is a radiographic structure that is formed by the foreshortened aortic arch and a portion of the descending aorta

Question 23

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Question 24

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Question 25

In normal subjects, where is the aortic knob located? What could cause it to be in a different location?

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Ascending aorta

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

What structure does the LA lie extremely close to? What are the clinical implications of this?

Answer 28

Question 29

Anterior penetrating chest wounds are most likely to damage which cardiac structure?

Answer 29

Right ventricle

Question 30

When a transverse CT or MRI of the heart is taken, which direction are you looking from when you look at the radiograph? What does this mean?

Answer 30

Question 31

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Question 32

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Question 33

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Question 34

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Question 35

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Question 36

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Question 37

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Question 38

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Question 39

Answer 39