CPR 12 - Heart 4 Flashcards
What is a congenital heart defect (CHD)?
A problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.
What are the most common causes of CHDs?
Which CHDs are associated with Down Syndrome?
- AV septal defects (AVSD)
- Isolated ASD or VSD
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- PDA
What are the most frequent types of AVSDs in trisomy 21?
What are the most common clinical presentations of CHD?
What occurs with right to left shunt CHDs? What complications can they cause? What diseases typically causes these?
What occurs with left to right shunt CHDs? What complications do they cause? What diseases cause them?
How can neural crest cell migration lead to CHDs? What are the main CHD defects associated with this?
What is the tetralogy of fallot?
A CHD of unknown cause that presents with four (tetralogy) heart malformations: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and VSD
How can faulty neural crest cell migration cause a VSD?
This also causes an overriding aorta.
How can faulty neural crest cell migration cause a pulmonary stenosis?
What causes the right ventricular hypertrophy seen in tetralogy of fallot?
Increased work load caused by the pulmonary stenosis
What diseases are often seen with tetralogy of fallot?
DiGeorge
Down’s Syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is a transposition of the great vessels? What is its cause, prognosis, and what is frequently associated with?
What is a persistent trunchus arteriosus? What causes it and what other disorders is it frequently associated with?
What is a “Totally Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?” What are its symptoms and prognosis? Where does it usually occur?
What is and what causes ectopia cordis?
What is and causes pericarditis? What is its signature symptom?
What is and what causes a pericardial effusion?
What is and what commonly causes pericardial tamponade? What are its clinical signs and treatment options?
Describe the venous drainage of the upper limb.
In normal subjects, where is the aortic knob located? What could cause it to be in a different location?
Ascending aorta
What structure does the LA lie extremely close to? What are the clinical implications of this?
When a transverse CT or MRI of the heart is taken, which direction are you looking from when you look at the radiograph? What does this mean?
