CP7-1 Intro to haematology

Question 1

What are the four main sub categories of haematology?

Answer 1

Coagulation
Malignant
Non-malignant
Transfusion

Question 2

What is haemopoiesis?

Answer 2

The physiological developmental process that gives rise to the cellular components of blood

Question 3

Where do different cell lineages of the blood differentiate/come from?

Answer 3

A single multi potent haemopoietic stem cell

Question 4

What are the 4 types of self-renewal in haemopoietic stem cells?

Answer 4

Symmetric - increases stem cell pool by production of 2 stem cells
Asymmetric - maintains stem cell pool by production of 1 stem cell and one differentiated progenitor
2 types of lack of self renewal - 1 = depletion of stem cells via production of 2 differentiated progenitors and 2 - by maintaining stem cell pool by no production

Question 5

What are the properties of haemopoietic stem cells?

Answer 5

Self renewal
High proliferative potential
Differentiation potential for all lineages
Long term activity through lifespan of individual

Question 6

How have haemopoietic stem cells been discovered?

Answer 6

by bone marrow transplants in humans and stem cell transplantation in mice over generations

Question 7

Where do haemopoietic stem cells arise from?

Answer 7

Yolk sac blood islands and the AGM

Question 8

What is the Embryological development that results in haemopoiesis?

Answer 8

Originates at yolk sac blood islands and AGM at day 27
Extends rapidly at day 35 then disappears by day 40
Haemopoietic stem cells migrate to the foetal liver
Spleen and bone marrow develop at week 20
Liver and spleen become site of haemopoiesis during late gestation into early life (5 weeks)

Question 9

What are 3 cell types that come from the myeloid lineages?

Answer 9

Granulocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets

Question 10

What are 2 cell types that come from the lymphoid lineage?

Answer 10

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes

Question 11

What pleuripotential stem cells do the lymphoid lineage develop from? What about the myeloid lineage?

Answer 11

Lymphoid = common lymphoid progenitor
Myeloid = common myeloid progenitor

Question 12

What is the function of blood cells?

Answer 12

Oxygen transport
Coagulation (haemostasis)
Immune response to infection
Immune response to abnormal cells

Question 13

What are the properties of RBC?

Answer 13

Hi-concave discs
7.5 micrometer diameter
120 day lifespan in blood
Contain haemoglobin
333,200 x 10^6 red cells in blood

Question 14

What is anaemia?

Answer 14

Reduced blood cells

Question 15

What is polycythaemia?

Answer 15

Raised RBC count

Question 16

What is relative polycythaemia?

Answer 16

When polycythaemia occurs when plasma volume is reduced

Question 17

What are 3 WBC known as granulocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 18

How are granulocytes characterised?

Answer 18

Cells have cytoplasmic granules

Question 19

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 19

Phagocytes
Most common WBC in adult blood
10 x 10^9 per litre
Live for only a few hours in the blood

Question 20

What is neutophilia?

Answer 20

Increased neutrophil count

Question 21

What is neutropenia?

Answer 21

Decreased neutrophil count

Question 22

What can cause neutrophilia?

Answer 22

Bacterial infection
Inflammation

Question 23

What causes neutropenia?

Answer 23

Drugs
Leukaemia

Question 24

What is eosinophilia? What can cause it?

Answer 24

Increased eosinophil count
Caused for example by parasitic infections of allergies

Question 25

What is basophillia? What causes it?

Answer 25

Increased basophil count
Caused by chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 26

What are monocytes and what are there role?

Answer 26

Phagocytosis and antigen presenting cells which migrate to tissues and are then identified as macrophages or histiocytes

Question 27

What are 2 examples of macrophages and where are they found?

Answer 27

Kupffer cells in the liver
Langerhans cells in the skin