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Clinical Pathology > CP3-7, 9 & 10 pathogen-infection-antibiotic matching > Flashcards

CP3-7, 9 & 10 pathogen-infection-antibiotic matching Flashcards

1
Q

What test can be used to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus bacteria?

A

Catalase test

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2
Q

What are the four mechanisms of drug resistance?

A

1) drug inactivation or modification
2) alteration of target or binding site
3) alteration of metabolic pathway
4) reduced drug accumulation

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3
Q

What are two common bacterias that cause drug resistance by drug inactivation or modification? Which enzyme does this?

A

Staph aureus = penicillinase
E. Coli = carbapenemase

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4
Q

What common bacteria causes drug resistance by alteration of target or binding site? What protein is targeted?

A

Staph aureus = alters Pencicillinbinding protein

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5
Q

What bacteria can cause drug resistance by alteration of metabolic pathway? How?

A

Sulfa resistant bacteria by using pre-formed folic acid

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6
Q

What drug group is affected by reduced drug accumulation drug resistance? Where does it accumulate?

A

Quinolones - accumulates at the efflux pumps

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7
Q

What is co-amoxiclav a combination of?

A

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

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8
Q

What bacterial product causes amoxicillin to be degraded?

A

Beta lactamase

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9
Q

How does clavulanic acid reduce amoxicillin resistance?

A

By inhibiting beta lactamase preventing amoxicillin degradation.

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10
Q

What is tazocin a combination of?

A

Piperacillin and tazobactam

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11
Q

What bacteria is co-amoxiclav useful against?

A

Beta lactamase producing bacteria

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12
Q

What infections is amoxicillin used to treat?

A

ENT, respiratory and urinary infections

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13
Q

What antibiotics do beta lactams affect?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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14
Q

What initial broad spectrum treatment is started for high risk pneumonia infection?

A

IV Co-amoxiclav and oral clarithromycin

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15
Q

What treatment is started for high risk pneumonia in patients with a penicillin allergy?

A

Levofloxacin orally

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16
Q

What treatment is started for medium risk pneumonia?

A

Amoxicillin and clarithromycin both orally

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17
Q

What treatment is started for medium risk pneumonia in patients with a penicillin allergy?

A

Doxycycline or levofloxacin PO

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18
Q

What is the initial broad spectrum treatment started for low risk pneumonia?

A

Amoxicillin orally

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19
Q

What treatment is given for low risk pneumonia in patients with a penicillin allergy?

A

Doxycycline or clarithromycin orally.

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20
Q

What is the most common bacteria causing pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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21
Q

What broad spectrum antibiotic is used to treat strep pneumonia?

A

Penicillin

22
Q

What bacterial infection can present with abdo pain and green, watery diarrhoea?

A

C. Difficile

23
Q

What is used to treat c. Difficile infection?

A

Oral vancomycin

24
Q

What is a negative consequence of taking broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Destroys gut bacteria allowing some to overgrown

25
Q

What is caused by toxin release of C. Difficile?

A

Colitis

26
Q

What are common antibiotics that can lead to c.difficile infection?

A

Ciprofloxacin
Cefuroxime
Co-amoxiclav

27
Q

What are the symptoms of an upper UTI?

A

Lower UTI symptoms like dysuria and frequency of urination.
Fever
Shivers and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Confusion
Agitation and restlessness
Pain in sides and/or back

28
Q

What are the symptoms of a lower UTI?

A

Increased frequency and urgency of urination
Dysuria
Lower abdominal pain
Feeling as if bladder doesn’t empty fully
Cloudy, smelly urine +/- haematuria

29
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of UTIs?

A

E. Coli

30
Q

What are common bacterial causes of UTIs (other than E. coli)?

A

Other gut bacteria e.g. proteus and klebsiella species
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

31
Q

What is the main cause of meningitis in children and young adults?

A

Neisseria meningitides

32
Q

What is the main cause of meningitis in elderly patients?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

33
Q

What is the initial broad spectrum treatment of meningitis?

A

IV ceftriaxone

34
Q

When does meningitis become meningococcal septicaemia?

A

Meningitis is infection in CNS only whereas meningococcal septicaemia is when the blood stream is infected.

35
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection leading to injury of the body’s own tissues and organs

36
Q

What SOFA score shows organ dysfunction?

A

2 or more

37
Q

What mneumonic represent how to treat sepsis?

A

BUFALO

38
Q

What does the mneumonic BUFALO stand for?

A

Blood cultures (2 sets)
Urine output (catheterise to measure)
Fluids (500ml IV saline over 15 mins)
Appropriate antibiotics
Lactate (check via arterial blood gas)
Oxygen (15l/min via reservoir face mask)

39
Q

What bacteria causes cellulitis?

A

Gram positive cocci like staph aureus and strep pyogenes

40
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat cellulitis caused by gram positive cocci?

A

Flucloxacillin

41
Q

What is necrotising fasciitis?

A

A severe skin and soft tissue infection caused by a polymicrobial mix.

42
Q

What bacteria is usually involve in necrotising fasciitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

43
Q

How is necrotising fasciitis treated?

A

Debridement of damaged and surrounding tissues
Meropenem and clindamycin

44
Q

What are the most common bacteria which cause infective endocarditis?

A

Staph aureus
Streptococci

45
Q

What is the treatment for infective endocarditis?

A

Around 6 weeks of IV antibiotics (antibiotic is dependent on the bacteria)

46
Q

What antibiotics are well tolerated and safe in pregnancy?

A

Beta lactams I.e. the penicillins and cephalosporins

47
Q

What antibiotics should be avoided in pregnancy and why?

A

Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) - damage cartilage
Trimethoprim - folic acid antagonist
Tetracyclins - deposits and stains bones and teeth

48
Q

What are common antibiotic combinations used as broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Meropenem/ertapenem
Cefuroxime and metronidazole
Teicoplanin1, Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole
Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamicin and metronidazole

49
Q

What antibiotics are commonly used for gram positive bacteria?

A

teicoplanin
Vancomycin
Flucloxacillin
Linezolid
Macrolides e.g. clarithromycin
Penicillin/amoxicillin (mainly for streptococcus)

50
Q

What are antibiotics are commonly used for gram negative bacteria?

A

Aztreonam (a monobactam)
Ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone)
Gentamicin (an aminoglycoside)

51
Q

What antibiotics are commonly used to treat E. coli cystitis?

A

Nitrofurantoin
Trimethoprim (a sulfonamide)
Fosfomycin
Pivmecillinam (a penicillin)
Cephalexin (a cephalosporin)

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

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