Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > CP5-7 immunotherapeutics and immunomodulation > Flashcards

CP5-7 immunotherapeutics and immunomodulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunomodulation?

A

The act of manipulating the immune system using drugs to achieve a desired immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are three therapeutic effects that immunomodulation can lead to?

A

Immunopotentiation
Immunosuppression
Induction of immunological tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are immunomodulators?

A

Medicinal products produced using molecular biology techniques including recombinant DNA technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are different types of immunomodulators?

A

Substances that are nearly identical to the body’s own key signalling proteins
Monoclonal antibodies
Fusion proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of immunomodulator drugs?

A

Adalimumab
Infliximab
Etanercept
Cetrolizumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can immunopotentiation be achieved?

A

Through vaccination (active or passive)
Replacement therapies
Immune stimulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are risks of passive immunisation?

A

Transmission of virus
Serum sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 types of passive immunisation?

A

Convalescent plasma
Pooled specific human immunoglobulin
Animal sera (antitoxins and antivenins)
Monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of pathologies treated/prevented by passive immunisation?

A

Covid 19
Hep B
VZV (especially in pregnancy)
Botulism
Diptheria
Snake bites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of immunogenic material used in active immunisation?

A

Weekend forms of pathogens
Killed/inactivated pathogens
Purified materials e.g. proteins, DNA, RNA
Adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are disadvantages of active immunisation?

A

Risk of allergy to vaccine components
Limited usefulness in immunocompromised
Delay in achieving protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is pooled human immunoglobulin (IV or SC) treatment given?

A

In patients in antibody deficient states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does G-CSF/GM-CSF therapy work?

A

Acts on bone marrow to increase production of mature neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What viral infection was alpha interferon mainly used for before new treatments became first line treatment?

A

Treatment of hep C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is y-interferon used to treat?

A

Certain intracellular infections like atypical mycobacteria infection
Chronic Granulomatous disease
IL-12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of immunosuppression treatments?

A

Corticosteroids
Cytotoxic agents
Anti-proliferative/anti-activation agents
DMARD’s
Biological-DMARD’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do corticosteroids work?

A

Decreases neutrophil margination
Reduces production of inflammatory cytokines
Inhibits phospholipase A2 - reducing arachidonic acid metabolite production.
Cause lymphopenia
Decrease T cell proliferation
Reduces immunoglobulin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are corticosteroids used to treat?

A

Autoimmune diseases e.g. CTD, vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory diseases e.g. Crohn’s disease, sarcoid, GCA/polymyalgia rheumatica
Malignancies like lymphoma
Allograft rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What drugs target T cells? What point in the life cycle

A

Antimetabolites - proliferation
Calcineurin inhibitors - activation
M-TOR inhibitors - activation
IL-2 receptor mABs - activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 2 examples of antimetabolites?

A

Azathioprine (AZA)
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 2 examples of calcineruin inhibitors?

A

Ciclosporin A (CyA)
Tacrolimus (FK506)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of a M-TOR inhibitor?

A

Sirolimus (rapamycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 2 examples of IL-2 receptor mABs?

A

Basiliximab
Daclizumab

24
Q

Where in the life-cycle of T cells can T cell targeted immunosuppression act?

A

activation
proliferation

25
Q

Where in the life-cycle of T cells can T cell targeted immunosuppression act?

A

activation
proliferation

26
Q

How does CyA work?

A

Binds to intracellular protein cyclophilin to prevent activation of NFAT and stimulate cytokine gene transcription

27
Q

How does tacrolimus work?

A

Binds to intracellular protein FKBP-12 to prevent activation of NFAT and stimulate cytokine gene transcription

28
Q

How does sirolimus (rapamycin) work?

A

Binds to FKBP12 to inhibit mammalian target mTOR thus inhibiting response to IL-2 arresting G1-S phase of cell cycle of T-cells

i.e. binds to FKBP12 causing disruption to the t-cell cycle at the replication phase

29
Q

What are side effects of calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors?

A

hypertension
nephro, neuro and/or hepatotoxicity
lymphomas
opportunistic infections
drug interactions
hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women)

30
Q

When are calcineurin and mTOR inhibitors used?

A

in transplantation for allograft rejection
to treat autoimmune diseases

31
Q

How does azathioprine work?

A

inhibits nucleotide synthesis by acting as a guanine anti-metabolite

32
Q

How does mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) work?

A

inhibits nucleotide synthesis by preventing production of guanosine triphosphate.

33
Q

What is the mode of action of methotrexate?

A

Folate antagonist

34
Q

What is the mode of action of cyclophosphamide?

A

interrupts the cell cycle by cross linking DNA

35
Q

what are the side effects of all cytotoxic drugs?

A

Bone marrow suppression
Gastric upset
Heapatitis
Susceptibility to infection increases

36
Q

What is a side effect of cyclophosphamide?

A

Cystitis

37
Q

What is a side effect of methotrexate?

A

Pneumonitis

38
Q

What is azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil used for?

A

autoimmune diseases e.g. SLE and IBD
allograft rejection

39
Q

What is methotrexate used to treat?

A

autoimmune diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis
rejection in bone marrow transplant

40
Q

What is cyclophosphamide used to treat?

A

vasculitis e.g. Wagner’s
SLE

41
Q

What are examples of biologic therapies?

A

Anti-cytokine
Anti-B cell therapies
Anti-T cell therapies
Anti-adhesion molecules
Complement inhibitors
Check point inhibitors

42
Q

What are anti-TNF drugs used to treat?

A

rheumatoid arthritis + other inflammatory conditions including Crohn’s disease, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis

43
Q

What is an example of an Anti-IL-6 drug?

A

Tocilizumab

44
Q

How does anti-IL-6 treatment work?

A

by blocking IL-6 receptors

45
Q

What is anti-IL-6 used to treat?

A

rheumatoid arthritis and adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD) - a rare type of inflammatory arthritis

46
Q

What is anti-IL- 1 used to treat?

A

AOSD - a rare type of inflammatory arthritis and other autoinflammatory syndromes

47
Q

How does rituximab work?

A

it’s a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20 on the B cell surface

48
Q

What is rituximab used to treat?

A

lymphomas and leukaemia
Transplant rejection
Autoimmune disorders

49
Q

What are examples of JAK inhibitors?

A

Baricitinib
Upadcitinib
Filgotinib
Tofacitinib

50
Q

What is an example of a TYK2 inhibitor drug?

A

BMS-986165

51
Q

What are JAK inhibitors used to treat?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
psoriatic arthritis
ulcerative colitis

52
Q

What are 2 examples of adoptive immunotherapy?

A

Bone marrow transplant
Stem cell transplant

53
Q

What is adoptive immunotherapy used to treat?

A

Immunodeficiencies like SCID
Lymphomas and leukaemia
Inherited metabolic disorders like osteropetrosis
Autoimmune diseases

54
Q

What immunomodulator therapy is used to treat allergies?

A

Immune suppressants
Allergen specific immunotherapy
Anti-IgE monoclonal therapy
Anti-IL-5 monoclonal treatment

55
Q

What can be used alongside chemotherapy to help treat tumours?

A

Checkpoint inhibitors

56
Q

When can allergen specific immunotherapy be used?

A

In allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (not controlled on maximum medical therapy)
Anaphylaxis to insect venom
Food allergies

57
Q

What is the mechanism of action of allergen specific immunotherapy?

A

switches immune response from Th2 (allergic) to Th1 (non-allergic)
leads to development of T reg cells and tolerance.

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions