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Clinical Pathology > CP1 Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

CP1 Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What colour do gram + bacteria stain?

A

Black/purple

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2
Q

What causes gram + bacteria to appear black/purple after staining?

A

The waxy mycolic acid coat is not dissolved by acetone or ethanol in the staining process causing the bacteria to retain its purple colour (and can appear black after further staining)

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3
Q

What is the role of the waxy mycolic acid coat on gram + bacteria?

A

To prevent the bacteria drying out

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4
Q

What colour do gram - bacteria turn after staining?

A

Pink/red

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5
Q

What causes gram - bacteria to look pink/red after staining?

A

The cell wall and fatty layer are decolourised by acetone/ethanol in the staining process thus becoming transparent allowing the pink stain to take.

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6
Q

What medical condition can arise from gram - bacteria and why?

A

Gram negative septic shock

Because the fatty layer around the cell wall can release endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) into the blood stream

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7
Q

Where in the body is staphylococcus aureus found in 30-50% of individuals?

A

Nose

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8
Q

What are 4 infections caused by staphylococcus aureus?

A
  1. Skin and soft tissue damage
  2. Bacteraemia and septicaemia
  3. Bone/joint infections e.g. osteomyelitis
  4. Endocarditis
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9
Q

How does S. aureus cause skin/soft tissue infections.

A

The bacteria adheres to damaged skin and produces exoenzymes and toxins which provoke the immune response

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10
Q

What type of bacteria is staphylococcus epidermis?

A

A coagulase negative staphylococci

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11
Q

What environment in the body are coagulase negative staphylococci normally found? (Healthy to be there)

A

Skin

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12
Q

What type of pathogen is straphylococcus epidermis?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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13
Q

What is the aetiology of coagulase negative staphylococci bacteria?

A

Adhere to metal or plastic ‘foreign bodies’ (e.g. intravascular catheters, prosthetic joints and cardiac valves).

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14
Q

What allows staphylococcus epidermis (and other coagulase negative staphylococci) to adhere to metal and plastic?

A

These bacteria have a slime layer called glycocalyx which forms biofilms on plastics and metals.

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15
Q

What is streptococcus pyogenes better known as?

A

Strep A

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16
Q

What environment are strep A bacteria usually found in?

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

What 5 infections are caused by primary strep A infection?

A
  1. Scarlet fever
  2. Sore throat
  3. Necrotising fasciitis
  4. Puerperal sepsis
  5. Skin and soft tissue damage
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18
Q

What antibiotic can be used to treat strep A?

A

Penicillin

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19
Q

What is an example of a secondary presentation caused by strep A?

A

Glomerulonephritis

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20
Q

What environment are streptococcus pneumoniae usually found in?

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

What are the 2 main infections caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonia and meningitis

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis for most age groups (not neonates)?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates?

A

Streptococcus agalacitiae aka strep B

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24
Q

Where are escherichia coli (E.coli) found in the body?

A

Colon

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25
Q

What 6 infections can be caused by E.coli?

A
  1. UTIs
  2. Intra- abdominal infections
  3. Sepsis
  4. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (usually caused by O157 strain)
  5. Bacteroeamia
  6. hospital acquired/nosocomial infections
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26
Q

What is the aetiology of E.coli caused UTIs?

A

E.coli colonises urethral meatus and surrounding tissue and adheres to the uroepithelial cells. This them triggers a host inflammatory response.

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27
Q

Name 2 coliform bacteria that cause similar infections to E.coli?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae

28
Q

Where are pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria usually found?

A

In water

29
Q

What 4 infections are often caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  1. Ventilator associated pneumonia
  2. Bacteraemia
  3. UTIs
  4. Soft tissue infections
30
Q

What type of pathogen is pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

31
Q

What is characteristic of a pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on the skin?

A

A green pigment

32
Q

What environment are neisseria meningitidis bacteria found?

A

Pharynx

33
Q

What 2 infections are caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A

Meningococcal sepsis and bacterial meningitis

34
Q

Why is there a reduction in sepsis and meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A

Vaccination

35
Q

What 3 common bacterias that cause infection have no colonisation patterns?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia difficile
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

36
Q

What 2 infections are caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  1. Gonorrhoea
  2. Ophthalmia neonatorum (occurs when infected mother has vaginal birth passing infection to baby’s eyes)
37
Q

What secondary infection can occur after primary neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

A

Invasive infections e.g. septic arthritis

38
Q

What infection is caused by chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Chlamydia

39
Q

What is the most common STI?

A

Chlamydia

40
Q

What is another name for mycobacterium?

A

Acid Fast Bacilli (AFBs)

41
Q

Why are mycobacterium called AFBs?

A

As they do not stain using conventional gram staining

42
Q

What is a common infection causing mycobacterium?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

43
Q

What infection is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis (both pulmonary and extra pulmonary)

44
Q

Who is most vulnerable to infection from atypical mycobacterium?

A

Immune compromised patients and those with chronic lung disease e.g. COPD

45
Q

What 3 infections are caused by haemophilus influenzae?

A
  1. Respiratory tract infections
  2. Capsulated meningitis
  3. Capsulated epiglottitis
46
Q

What has caused a reduced rate of capsulated haemophilus influenzae meningitis and epiglottitis?

A

Vaccination

47
Q

What environment is haemophilus influenzae most commonly found?

A

Pharynx

48
Q

What environment is clostridium difficile usually found in?

A

Colon

49
Q

What is the most common infection caused by clostridium difficile?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

50
Q

What has caused a reduction in clostridium difficile infections?

A

Infection prevention interventions

51
Q

What term describes the three species of pus-forming streptococci?

A

Streptococcus milleri complex

52
Q

What infection does the streptococcus milleri group/complex cause?

A

Abscesses - commonly in lungs, liver, brain and mouth

53
Q

What bacteria causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

54
Q

Why is diptheria uncommon in UK now?

A

Vaccination

55
Q

Bacteraemia with which bacteria can cause colonic malignancies?

A

Streptococcus gallolyticus

56
Q

What bacteria causes sub-acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

57
Q

What is another name for propionibacterium acnes?

A

Cutibacterium acnes

58
Q

What 3 infections are associated with cutibacterium acnes?

A
  1. Acne
  2. Device associated infections
  3. Post procedural infections
59
Q

What type of bacteria is cutibacterium acnes?

A

Gram +

60
Q

What is the collective name for some gram - bacteria species found in normal bowel flora?

A

The enterobacteriae aka coliforms

61
Q

What three factors are involved in bacterial infection?

A
  1. Host factors
  2. Bacterial factors
  3. Opportunity
62
Q

What three infections are caused by spirochaetes bacteria?

A
  1. syphilis
  2. Leptospirosis
  3. Lyme disease
63
Q

What spirochaetes causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

64
Q

Give four examples of bacteria types that are anaerobes?

A
  1. Most clostridium bacteria (e.g. clostridium difficle, clostridium perfingens, clostridium tetani and clostridium botulinum)
  2. Bacteroids
  3. Fusobacterium
  4. Prevotella
65
Q

What infection is associated with clostridium perfingens?

A

Gas gangrene

66
Q

What infection is associated with clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanus

67
Q

What infection is caused by clostridium botulinum?

A

Botulism

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

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