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Clinical Pathology > CP3-1 Intro to antibacterial and anti fungal agents > Flashcards

CP3-1 Intro to antibacterial and anti fungal agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of antimicrobials?

A

Inhibit critical processes in bacterial/fungal cells with minimal harm to the patient (selective toxicity) to increase likelihood of the patient making a clinical recovery.

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2
Q

What are some processes that antimicrobials can disrupt?

A

Protein synthesis
DNA synthesis
RNA synthesis
Membrane function
The cell wall

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3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemical products of microbes that inhibit or kill other organisms

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4
Q

What are 6 examples of antimicrobial agents?

A

Antibacterial
Antifungals
Antivirals
Antibiotics
Synthetic compounds with similar effects
Semi-synthetic agents

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5
Q

What are antimicrobial agents that are modified from antibiotics known as?

A

Semi-synthetic agents

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6
Q

How to bacteriostatic and fungistatics work?

A

Inhibit growth mainly by protein synthesis inhibition

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7
Q

How to bacteriodal and fungicidal agents work?

A

Cause cell death mainly using wall active agents

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8
Q

What is minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

The minimum concentration of antimicrobial agents at which visible growth is inhibited

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9
Q

What is minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC)?

A

The minimum concentration of antimicrobial agents at which most organism are killed?

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10
Q

What is synergy?

A

When the effect observed with a combination of drugs is greater than the sum of the effects observed with the two drugs independently.

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11
Q

What is antagonism?

A

When the activity of two antimicrobials given together is less than the activity of either given separately

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12
Q

What does it mean if an antimicrobial agent is broad spectrum?

A

It kills most types of bacteria/fungi encountered

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13
Q

What does it mean if an antimicrobial agent is narrow spectrum?

A

It only kills a narrow range of organisms encountered

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14
Q

When choosing an antibiotic, should you pick a more broad spectrum or the narrowest spectrum antibiotic that is appropriate?

A

The narrowest-spectrum antibiotic that would be appropriate.

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15
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A major structural component of bacterial cell walls that is a polymer of glucose derivatives NAM and NAG with oligopeptide cross links called penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)

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16
Q

What part of the bacteria can be targeted by antibacterial agents and why?

A

Cell wall as no cell wall in animal cells so is ideal for selective toxicity

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17
Q

What are examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

Beta lactams/penicillins and glycopeptides.

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18
Q

What are the properties of beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Contain and beta-lactam ring

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19
Q

What was the first antibiotic used in clinical practice?

A

Benzylpenicillin

20
Q

What are 4 sub-classes of beta-lactam antibiotics? What are there spectrums? What is the suffix for each?

A

Penicillins - narrow - cillin
Cephalosporins - broad - ime
Carbapenams - extremely broad - penem
Monobactams - affect gram-negative activity only due to slightly different ring structure - eonam

21
Q

What sub class of antibiotic is arranged into generations?

A

Cephalosporins

22
Q

What are examples of glycopeptide antibiotics?

A

Vanomycin and teicoplanin

23
Q

How to glycopeptides work and antibacterial agents?

A

They bind to the terminal amino acids on NAM pentapeptides a day inhibit cross linking

24
Q

Do glycopeptides work on gram + or gram - bacteria?

A

+

25
Q

What are examples of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors drugs?

A

Aminoglycosides (e.g.gentamicin)
Macrolides and lincosamides (suffix = -mycin)
Tetracycline and doxycycline
Oxazolidinoes (e.g. linezolid)
Mupirocin

26
Q

Which bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor is used for gram positive infection?

A

Oxazolidinones

27
Q

Which bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor agent is used topically to treat staphylococcal/streptococcal infections?

A

Mupirocin

28
Q

What are the two DNA synthesis inhibitors inhibit the production of folate?

A

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides

29
Q

What DNA synthesis inhibitor inhibits one or both of the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV? What is the suffix of this antibacterial?

A

Fluoroquinolones
Suffix = floxacin

30
Q

What is an example of a RNA synthesis inhibitors drug?

A

Rifampin

31
Q

What drug is used in anti-tuberculous chemotherapy?

A

Rifampin (a macrolide antibiotic)

32
Q

What cell membrane agents treat gram - bacteria?

A

Colistin/polymyxin E

33
Q

What cell membrane agents treat gram + bacteria?

A

Daptomycin (destroys outer or cytoplasmic membrane)

34
Q

What are the three main pathogenic fungi?

A

Filamentous fungi
yeasts
Dimorphic fungi

35
Q

What three processes to antifungals usually target?

A

DNA synthesis
Cell membrane function
Cell wall

36
Q

Why is it more difficult to achieve selective toxicity with antifungals?

A

They are eukaryotes so have more similarities in cell structure

37
Q

What is the cholesterol alternative in fungi?

A

Ergosterol

38
Q

What are three antifungal agents that act on ergosterol? How?

A

Azoles e.g. clotrimazole - inhibit ergosterol formation
Terbinafine - squalene expoxidase inhibitor
Amphotericin B - binds to ergosterol damaging the cell membrane

39
Q

What is the azole voriconazole usually used to treat?

A

Aspergillosis

40
Q

What is the selective toxicity of amphotericin B like?

A

High as also damages human cell membranes just not to the same extent

41
Q

How do echinocandins work?

A

Inhibit beta-1,3- glucan synthesis preventing formation of fibrous network on cell walls

42
Q

What is the suffix for echinocandins?

A

-fungin

43
Q

What is the only fungal RNA/DNA synthesis inhibitors agent used in practice?

A

5-flurocytosine

44
Q

How does 5-flurocytosine work?

A

It is transported into fungal cells by cytosine permease and then metabolised by 5-fluorouracil into inhibitory molecules

45
Q

What is 5-flutocytosine usually used to treat?

A

Cryptococcal meningitis

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

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