CP5-2 autoimmune diseases Flashcards
How do the innate and adaptive immune systems interact?
Innate immune cells attract other cells via chemokines
Dendritic cells present antigens to T cells
Dendritic cells, T cells and B cells cross talk resulting in immune memory forming to determine a specific learned response within lymphoid tissues
Adaptive immune cells activate innate immune cells to direct tissue inflammation at target areas
What cells are involved in the innate immune response?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Complement
What innate immune cells are activated by T cell cytokines?
Monocytes
Macrophages
What innate immune cells are activated byB cell antibodies?
active complement
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate is a fast acting, shot-lasting inflammatory response to infection where as adaptive immunity is a learned response by immune organs to produce slow response, long-lasting immunity.
How do neutrophils target/attack pathogens?
By phagocytosis
How do macrophages target pathogens?
Phagocytosis and production of chemokines to attract other immune cells
How do dendritic cells target pathogens?
By phagocytosis and presentation of antigens to the adaptive immune systems i.e. to B and T cells
Which cells produce histamine? What else do they do?
Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
Also lead to vasodilation and involved in allergies and anaphylaxis
What is the role of competent cells in immunity? What can they be activated by?
Directly attack pathogens via alternative and lectin pathways - activated by adaptive immune system by B-cell antibodies
What is the role of cytokines?
To signal between different immune cells
What is the role of chemokines?
To attract other immune cells to the site of inflammation
How do T cells cause inflammation?
By inflammatory cytokines release from t helper 1 cells
Help B cells make autoantibodies via t helper 2 cells
Which T cells release inflammatory cytokines?
T helper 1 cells
Which T cells help B cells make autoantibodies?
T helper 2 cells
What is autoimmunity?
When the adaptive immune system recognises and targets the body’s own molecules, cells and tissues so T cells recognise self antigens, B cells and plasma cells
What is autoinflammation?
Spontaneous attacks of systemic inflammation with no demonstrable source of infection or precipitating cause. There is an absence of autoantibodies and antigen specific auto reactive T cells and no eveicencenof auto antigenic exposure
How does autoinflammation differ from autoimmunity?
Autoinflammation = affects innate immune system, involves neutrophils and macrophages with few or no autoantibodies. Uses tissue specific factors and danger signalling with cytokine and bacterial sensing pathways which presents clinically with recurrent, unprovoked attacks e.g. Crohn’s disease. Treated with anti-cytokine therapy.
Autoimmunity = affects adaptive immune system, involves B and T cells and autoantibodies. Breaks off self-tolerance and uses MHC class II association and adaptive response genes. Presents clinically as a continuous progression e.g. polygenic rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. Treated with anti-B and T cell therapy.
What is the difference between autoimmunity and autoimmune disease?
Autoimmunity if the concept of the breakdown of self tolerance. There is an overlap with normal immune functions e.g. anti-tumour immunity
Autoimmune diseases are distinct clinical entities where autoimmunity leads to inflammation, organ dysfunction and damage
What is affected by failure of central tolerance?
T cell selection in the thymus
B cell selection in the bone marrow
