CP3(Chapter 4) Flashcards
– dose/concentration at which 50% of the test species will die under specified duration of exposure
LD50
exposure in one single dose
Acute Test
exposure in which the dose is delivered at specified frequency over a period of time
Chronic Test
Category of Extremely Toxic
Category I
Category of Highly Toxic
Category II
Category of Moderately Toxic
Category III
Category of Slightly Toxic
Category IV
A type of pesticide that inhibits feeding, insects starve to death
Anti-feedant
A type of pesticide that reduces transpiration
Anti-transpirant
A type of pesticide that lures pests to treated location (e.g. sex attractant)
Attractant
A type of pesticide that removes unwanted plant growth
Defoliant
A type of pesticide that dries up plant parts and insects
Desiccant
A type of pesticide that stops, speeds up or retards growth processes of plants/insects
Growth regulator
A type of pesticide that drives pests from treated areas without killing them
Repellant
enhances the effectiveness of an active ingredient
Synergist
- poison enters the pest through the mouth (feeding) and is absorbed through the digestive tract
Stomach poison
- the poison penetrates the pest’s body as a result of contact of legs or external portions of the body on treated surfaces
Contact poison
- volatile poison enters through the respiratory system of the pest
Fumigant
– toxicant is water soluble and taken into the plant through the roots, stems and leaves and trans located throughout the plant.
Systemic poison
–Allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in water)
Emulsifiers
Easy to handle, transport, and store.
Little agitation required.
Non abrasive. Do not plug screens or
to deteriorate.
nozzles.
Emulsifiable concentrates
• Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent.
• When mixed, forms a solution that will not settle out or separate.
• Formulations of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, the solvent, and one or more other ingredients.
Solutions (S)
• Must be further diluted.
• Mix readily, no agitation required.
• Limited number of formulations.
Concentrate Solutions (C or CL)
• Pre-mixed pesticide products.
• Contain active ingredient and correct amount of solvent.
• No further dilution is required.
• Often 1% or less of active ingredient.
Ready to Use (RTU)
Relatively easy to handle, transport, and store.
Little agitation required.
No plugging of screens and nozzles.
Not abrasive to equipment.
Ultra-Low-Volume
• Insoluble solids mixed with water and other inert ingredients to form a suspension.
• Easy to handle and apply.
• Require moderate agitation.
• May leave a visible residue.
Flowables (F or L)
Ready to use.
Easily stored.
Convenient
Retain potency
Aerosols
• Water soluble pesticide with an oil based carrier.
• Form large droplets that do not drift easily.
• Commonly used in vegetation control along rights of way.
Invert Emulsions
No mixing, ready to use.
Requires simple equipment
Effective in hard-to - reach indoor areas.
Good choice where moisture from a spray would cause damage.
Dust
Ready to use.
Selective site application
Control pests that move in and out of an area.
Baits
Ready to use, no mixing.
Low drift hazard.
Little hazard to applicator.
Simple application equipment.
Slow- release
Granules
• Similar to granular formulations
• All the particles are the same shape and size.
Pellets (P or PS)
Easy to store, handle, and transport.
Less likely than EC’s and others to cause harm to treated target.
Easily measured and mixed.
Less skin and eye absorption than EC’s and other liquids.
Wettable powder
• Look like Wettable powders.
• Dissolve readily and form a true solution.
• Inhalation hazard.
• Few pesticides available in this form.
Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)
Increased safety to applicator.
Easy to mix, handle, and apply.
Releases pesticide over a period of time.
Microencapsulated pesticide
• Similar to wettable powders.
• More easily measured and mixed.
• Less inhalation hazard during pouring and mixing.
Water-dispersible granules
Toxic to a wide range of pests.
Can penetrate tight areas.
Single treatment will usually kill most pests.
Fumigants
• “Surface active ingredients”
• Examples include: Wetting Agents,
Emulsifiers, Invert Emulsifiers, SpreadStickers, Penetrants, Foaming Agents, Thickeners, Safeners, Compatibility agents, Buffers, Anti-foaming agents.
Adjuvants / Surfactants
• Acts through phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerve endings (Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)
• Efficiently absorbed by inhalation and ingestion
• Dermal penetration/ absorption varies
Organophosphates
Biologically active carbamates originated with the used of Calabar beans, the seed of Physostigma venenosum (Balfour) as an ordeal poison in West African witchcraft trials.
Carbamate Insecticide
is the seed of a leguminous plant, Physostigma venenosum, a native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans.
Calabar bean
• are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including organochlorines, chlorinated insecticides, and chlorinated synthetics.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
- synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
- collective term for pyrethrum extracts, “Purified pyrethrums”
Pyrethrins
-refers to dried and powdered heads of a white- flowered daisy-like plant of Chrysanthemum genus (C. cinerariaefolium , C. cineum)
Pyrethrum
are similar to the natural insecticide, nicotine ?Act on the central nervous system of insects with very low toxicity to mammals and minimal environmental impact and therefore, considered a reduced-risk pesticide.
Neonicotinoids
Single cell organism, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have been mass produced and formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides.
Microbial Insecticides
- cancel the effect of juvenile hormone by blocking juvenile hormone production.
Anti-juvenile hormone agents
-Work by preventing the formation of chitin, a carbohydrate needed to form the insect’s exoskeleton.
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor
- mimic the effects of naturally occurring juvenile hormone. If levels of JH or mimics of JH remain high, every molt results in insects emerging as juveniles. If you prevent insect from becoming adults, there can be no reproduction.
JUVENILE HORMONE AGONISTS
- mimic ecdysone and force insects to molt prematurely which typically results in stoppage of feeding and ultimately in insect death.
ECDYSONE AGONISTS
- inhibit the effects of ecdysone.
ECDYSONE ANTAGONISTS
- The effects of these compound on insects varies but the effects can be grouped into two broad categories: inhibition of chitin synthesis or interference with the organization of exoskeletons.
CHITIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
•One of the most widely used botanical insect growth regulators.
Azadirachtin
