Course 2 Flashcards
What is the Etiology for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Narrowing of arteries which causes angina (chest pain) and Ischemia (lack of blood).
How is CAD diagnosed?
Cardiac Catheterization
CAD can be improved with the use of ?
NTG and ASA
Who is at greater risk for CAD?
MI
Pt. with a PMhx of angina. CABG, Angioplasty and Cardic stent is at risk for?
CAD
What is the etiology of MI?
Blockage of the coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and infarct (death of heart muscles)
What are the symptoms of MI?
Diaphoresis (sweating), N/V and SOB
People with a history of CAD, a smoker and over the age of 55 yrs can develop what?
MI
How is STEMI MI diagnosed?
It is diagnosed using an EKG because we can see the St-elevation from base.
How is NON-STEMI MI diagnosed?
Using Troponin, which is used to test the levels of Troponin in the blood during a MI.
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure
What is the etiology for CHF?
Enlarged heart caused by the congestion of excess fluid. The heart has problem pumping blood to other parts of the body.
What are the major symptoms of CHF?
Pedal edema (Bilateral swelling in the legs), Orthopnea (SOB when lying down), Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) waking up grasping for air.
How is CHF diagnosed?
CXR and BNP (elevated levels indicate CHF)
What is the etiology for Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)?
This is the electrical abnormality of the top atria of the heart.
Symptoms of Afib includes irregularly irregular rhythm or Tachycardia. Why is this?
Due to the irregular electrical wiring of the heart, blood isnt being pumped through the heart effectively which causes the heart to beat even faster to get blood through.
T/F Afib can produce blood clots?
True
How is Afib treated?
Coumadin is a blood thinner used to treat the blood cloths formed by Afib. Digoxin is used to manage chronic Afib
What is used to diagnose Afib?
EKG (ECG0
What is the etiology of Pulmonary Embolism ?
Blood clot in the pulmonary artery that blocks blood flow to the lungs.
What can cause PE?
Immobility, pregnancy, birth, DVT, smoking. etc.
What are the symptoms of PE?
Tachycardia, pleuritic chest pain and hypoxia (reduced oxygen to lung).
What equipments do we use to diagnose PE?
CTA Chest (CT chest w/ IV contrast) or VQ scan D-dimer (not great for locating the PE)
What is the cause of PNA?
Bacterial Infection and Inflammation inside the lungs
How is PNA diagnosed?
CXR
How is PNA treated?
Antibiotics based on the type of bacteria
What is the cause of Pneumothorax (PTX)?
Collapsed lung due to trauma or rupture lung
T/F SOB and Onesided chest pain is commonly found in trauma PT. with PTX.
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What is the etiology of COPD?
Long-term damage to the lung’s alveoli.
How is COPD diagnosed?
CXR and Hx of smoking.
what is asthma diagnosed as in the hospital?
Reactive Airway Disease
How is asthma treated?
clinically
What is the etiology of CVA?
Blockage of an artery resulting in lack of blood flowing to the brain.
What the symptoms of CVA?
Unilateral Focal Neurological Deficits, one-sided numbness or change in vision of speech.
How is CVA treated?
normally diagnosed clinically and can be treated with tPA (which can bust up every and all clot)…can be dangerous.
What causes TIA?
Can be caused by stress which causes vasoconstriction prevent oxygen from getting to the brain temporarily.
What are the symptoms of TIA?
Transient Focal Neurological Deficits such as changes in speech vision, numbness etc. Generally goes away after an hour
How is TIA diagnosed?
Clinically
What is the cause of Hemorrhagic CVA?
Traumatic rupturing of blood vessels in the brain.
What is the symptom of Hemorrhagic CVA?
Thunderclap Headache due the excess blood in the brain.
How is Hemorrhagic CVA diagnosed?
CT head scan or LP (Lumbar Puncture)
What is the etiology for Meningitis?
Inflammation or infection of the meninges sac surrounding the spinal cord and the brain.
What are the symptoms of Meningitis?
Headache, neck pain, Altered mental status and photophobia.
How is Meningitis diagnosed?
Lumbar puncture (LP)
What causes spinal cord injuries ?
Trauma to the spinal cord that results in the reduce use of inability to use extremities beyond point of injury.
What are the symptoms of spinal cord injury?
decreased rectal tone, and numbness of bilateral extremities.
How is spinal cord injuries diagnosed?
CT cervical spine, Ct Thoracic spine and CT Lumbar Spine
What are some of the causes of Seizure (SZ)?
Epilepsy, ETOH withdrawals or febrile (Fever) seizure in pediatric pt.
List your general knowledge about PNA
PNA= Pneumonia = bacterial infection = antibiotics
- Productive cough with fever & SOB
- Dx with a CXR
- Risk = elderly, been ridden Pt., those with recent injury/ surgery
List your general knowledge about PTX
PTX= Pneumothrox= Trauma
- the unilateral collapse of one lung
- sudden onset.
- Unilateral chest pain and SOB
- CXR
List your general knowledge about Asthma
- Dx as reactive airway disease in the ED
- Wheezing and SOB
- Breathing treatment = nebulizer and inhaler
- Dx= clinically
List your general knowledge about Afib
Afib= Arital Fibrillation
- Electrical problem of the heart = EKG
- Tachycardia, fast pounding irregular irregularly rhythm
- Risk: Hx of Afib
- treated with coumadin (blood thinner)
What is Afib treated with?
Coumadin
How is Afib diagnosed?
EKG
List your general knowledge about CAD
CAD= Coronary Artery Disease = clot blockage in the heart
-Chest pain w/ exertion
- Acetylsalicylic acid & NTG
- Dx= Cardiac Catheterization
Risk: Angioplasty, Cardiac stent, CABG, angina, MI
LIst your general knowledge about Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident
- Stroke
- clot causing Lack of blood flow to a region of the brain
- unilateral Focal Neurological Deficits, Impairment of speech and vision, unilateral numbness/weakness
- Dx= clinically
- Treated with tPA
who is at risk for an ischemic cerebrovascular accident?
those with
-HTN, HLD, Hx TIA/CVA, smoking, Fhx CVA
List your general knowledge about Hemorrahegic CVA
-Trauma induced
-Thunderclap Headache, unilateral FND, AMS, impairment of vision and speech
-CT head or LP (lumbar puncture)
-
List your general knowledge about PE.
PE= pulmonary embolism
- A clot in the lung
- pleuritic chest pain
- Tachycardia
- hypoxia (reduce oxygen flow)
- Dx- CTA chest (CT chest with IV contrast dye)
- risk= DVT, PE, immobility, pregnancy, BCP, smoking
How is PE diagnosed?
CT chest with IV contrast
Whose at risk for PE?
Hx DVT/PE
-immobility, pregnancy, BCP, smoking
what are the symptoms of PE?
pleuritic chest pain
- Tachycardia
- hypoxia (reduce oxygen flow)
List your general knowledge about COPD
COPD= Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Sx= decreased breathing sounds and wheezing
-Dx= CXR & Hx of smoking
Smokers are at risk
What are the symptoms of COPD?
Sx= decreased breathing sounds and wheezing
How is COPD Dx?
Dx= CXR & Hx of smoking
List your general knowledge about MI?
MI= Myocardial Infraction = Heart Attack
-Sx= chest pain/chest pessure with diaphoresis, N/V & SOB
-Dx= EKG (STEMI), Troponin (Non-STEMI)
-Risk= CAD, HTN, HLD, DM, Smokers, FHx of CAD < 55 years
Treated with Acetlysalicylic Acid & NTG
List your knowledge about TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack= mini-stroke that lasts 1 hour
- Transient unilateral FND
- Dx= clinically
List your general knowledge of vertigo
-Sx room spinning, disequilibrium, feeling off balance
Assoc Sx= N/V tinnitus (ear ringing), Nystagmus (rapid fluttering of the eyes).
Dx : clinically
List knowledge of Syncope
-passing out
Cause= low blood volume and vasovagal (passing out)
List knowledge of AMS
AMS= Altered Mental Status
- confusion, decreased responsiveness/unresponsive
- Dx: case dependent
- Risk: drug users, ETOH users, diabetic, elderly
T/F demented Pt. can experience AMS due to UTI.
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List your know about headache
- gradual onset, pressure throbbing
- could be caused by migraines or HTN
what is the medical terminology for a headache?
Cephalgia
List your knowledge for Belly’s palsy
- drooping of one-side of the face due to an infection in the facial nerve
—–Sudden onset
Assoc Sx: increased tear flow in one eye, jaw or ear pain
–Dx: clinically
list your knowledge about Seizure
-abnormal electrical activity
caused by epilepsy, etoh withdrawal or febrile seizures in children
Sx: syncope, tongue bites, confusion and headaches
incontinence
Define Postictal and when it generally occurs
- The feeling of wanted to sleep after a seizure
Define incontinence
Pooping and peeing during a seizure
List your knowledge about spinal cord injuries
- trauma-induced, results in the weakness/numbness of extremities.
- injury can occur at the
- —–cervical spinal point
- —–thoracic spine
- —–lumbar spine
- ———–all these areas undergo CT for proper diagnosis
List knowledge about Appy
APPY= appendicitis -Inflammation of the appendix - located RLQ -Sx: RLQ pain, gradual onset, then constant worsen pain with movement -Assoc sx: fever, loss of appetite, N/V Dx: CT A/P with Po contrast
How is APPY diagnosed
CT A/P with PO contrast
List knowledge about SBO
SBO= Small Bowel Obstruction
-Sx: Pain in the periumbilical area, Vomiting and constipation
-Assoc sx: no bowel movements, bloating and abd distention
Dx: CT A/P with PO contrast
How is SBO DX?
CT A?P with PO contrast
List Knowledge about gallstone
Gallstone= cholecystitis or cholelithiasis
-Sx: Pain in the RUQ after eating fatty foods
Dx with US of abd
Which illness produces pain in the RUQ after consuming Fatty foods?
Cholecystitis
List Knowledge about GI bleed
Sx:
-Hematemesis (bright blood, vomiting blood)
- Coffee ground emesis (Dark and lower)
- Hematochezia ( bright lower bleeding)
- Melena (dark tary stool, upper)
Dx: Heme positive stool
What s the medical terminology for coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
List Knowledge Diverticulitis
-Sx:
—-Pain in the LLQ abd
—Nausea, fever and diarrhea
Dx: Ct A/P with PO contrast
How is Diverticulitis Dx?
CT A/P with PO contrast Dye
List knowledge of pancreatitis
- pain in the left upper quadrant and epigastric area
-Assoc sx: N/V
Dx: lipase
How is pancreatitis Dx?
lipase
List knowledge of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Risk: Type I and Type II Diabetes
CC: vomiting with a Hx od DM
Sx: Polydipsia, polyuria
PE: Dry mucous membrane, Ketoic odor, tachypnea
What is the medical terminology for increased thirst?
polydipsia
What is the medical terminology for increased urination?
Polyuria
What is the medical terminology for bright blood in fecal matter?
Hematochezia
