Counseling Theory

Question 1

REBT

Answer 1

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Albert Ellis

Question 2

Behavior Therapy

Answer 2

{Skinner / Bandura (neobehaviorist)}
Behavior Therapy - focuses on:
* Observable behavior
* Current determinants of behavior
* Learning experiences that promote change
* Tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients
* Rigorous assessment and evaluation

Question 3

Radical behaviorism

Answer 3

places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior

Question 4

Skinner’s Perspective

Answer 4

Maintained too much attention had been paid to unobservable (i.e. “state of mind” & “motive”) and not enough to observable (e.g. “environmental factors”)

Question 5

Albert Bandura (b1925 - )

Answer 5

Pioneered work in “Social Modeling” in work at Stanford

Demonstrated that modeling is a powerful process that explains diverse forms of learning 

"Social Cognitive Theory" has its roots in Bandura's study of "social learning theory"  (KL6110-20)

Question 6

B.F. Skinner (b1904 - d1990)

Answer 6

can be considered the “Father” of the behavioral approach to psychology

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

(respondent conditioning) - pairing some neutral stimulus with something that elicits a response (think Pavlov)
* Wolpe’s systematic conditioning

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

a type of learning that takes place influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them (techniques are used by practitioners in parent education and weight management)

Question 9

Social Learning Theory

Answer 9

Involves a triadic reciprocal interaction among

1. Environment
2. Personal Factors (beliefs, preferences, expectations, self-perceptions, interpretations)
3. Individual Behavior

Question 10

Cognitive Behavior Theory

Answer 10

Focus is on changing the clients’ cognitions (thoughts & beliefs) that maintain psychological problems

Question 11

Jospeh Wolpe’s “Behavioral Analysis”

Answer 11

a functional assessment that looks at current environmental events

Question 12

Operant conditioning technigues

Answer 12

APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS: OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES * Reinforcement (goal is to increase target behavior)
: Positive reinforcement - addition of something of value
: Negative reinforcement - avoidance of aversive / unpleasant stimuli
: Extinction - withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response
* Punishment (aversive control) - (goal is to decrease target behavior)
: Positive punishment - an aversive stimulus is added after behavior
: Negative punishment - an aversive stimulus is removed after behavior

Question 13

Systematic desensitization

Answer 13

Joseph Wolpe
Systematic desensitization (based on the principle of classical conditioning)  engage in progressively more anxiety-arousing situations while simultaneously engaging in behavior that competes with anxiety

• Anxiety hierarchy - through interaction with client the therapist constructs a ranked list of situations that elicit increasing degrees of anxiety or avoidance.

Question 14

Arnold Lazarus

Answer 14

pioneer in clinical behavior therapy

Question 15

Robert R Carkhuff

Answer 15

Empathic understanding in interpersonal processes
1-not attending
2-subtracts noticeable affect
3-feelings expressed by Counselor are basically interchangeable with CL
4-adds noticeably to affect of CL
5-CO adds significantly to affect and meaning even in CL’s deepest moments

Question 16

Victor Frankl

Answer 16

Father of logotherapy (“healing through meaning”) Which is based on existentialism

Question 17

Glasser’s “genetic needs”

Answer 17

Survival
Love & Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun

Question 18

Perl’s layers of neurosis

Answer 18

Phony layer
Phobic layer
Impasse layer
Implosive layer
Explosive layer

Question 19

Glasser’s “genetic needs”

Answer 19

Survival
Love & Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun

Question 20

Perl’s layers of neurosis

Answer 20

Phony layer
Phobic layer
Impasse layer
Implosive layer
Explosive layer