COUNSELING THEORIES Flashcards
Definition of and need for Counseling
Counseling is a helping relationship that involves one party who needs help, another party that provides help, and a setting that allows the process to occur. Frequently, we are helping people deal with the feelings or emotions surrounding a communication disorder. We are also providing guidance.
Psychotherapy
tx of psychological abnormality – specialized training
Counseling
Personal adjustment to difficult circumstances
Guidance
Advice and information given. No emotion or dealing with feeling (generally).
Client-Centered Theory founder and basic principle
Person centered theory by Carl Rogers.
Foundation: empathetic relationship between the client and the therapist that will allow the client to freely experience and express all his/her emotions in a completely accepting climate.
The counselor (you, the SLP) needs to be fully _____
present
Four steps of client centered therapy
you, me, us, you
Step 1: Client encouraged to freely express emotions
Step 2: Clinician LISTENS, responds to content and feelings
Step 3: Accepting relationship with clinician helps client become open to change, growth
Step 4: Client takes responsibility for taking action towards goals s/he develops
What population may not receive client centered therapy well?
Some multicultural clients often expect advice and specific solutions, not just a shoulder to cry on.
The more educated the client, the more they will want the list of action steps
What does Robinson, 2014, suggest about Client Centered Therapy?
This theory most helpful in beginning, especially with new diagnosis
Describe Behavioral Therapy
Scientists wanted measurement of observable behaviors. Polar opposite of C. Rogers.
Emphasis on observable behaviors, environmental, external influences.
Behavioral therapy believes that all behavior is caused by what?
All behavior is caused by environmental stimuli**
human behavior is the product of external reinforcement
behavior is shaped and maintained by immediate consequences. reinforcement must be given immediately after a particular behavior has occurred
What therapy approach is described as “Engineering model of facilitating change?” Porque?
Behavioral therapy
Goal set, task broken down into small steps
Careful reinforcement
In behavioral therapy, rather than focusing on feelings, the clinician focuses on ____ ____. What is the goal?
specific outcomes
emphasize client’s identifiable behaviors and make positive changes
When is behavioral therapy most effective in the treatment continuum?
May be most effective after a client-centered approach, esp. in the beginning where clients have strong emotions
What population generally appreciates behavioral therapy most?
multicultural populations
What do DiLollo and Neimeyer 2014 say about SLP services regarding, and how does it relate to behavioral methods?
SLPs mandate to provide clinical services beyond simple teaching of behavioral techniques or use of technology
Behavioral methods: good at addressing surface issues, but not deeper emotional issues related to emotional and psychological consequences of communication disorders.
According to DiLollo and Niemeyer, Behavioral methods alone often do not promote ____ ____ ____.
long term change
What does Robinson, 2014 say about behavioral therapy in the start of a treatment continuum?
Behavioral theory is ineffective at the beginning of a counseling relationship
Describe Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
Client’s thoughts are key
Counseling is a three step process
Change client’s thinking
Change belief system
Change behavior
What does Luterman state about the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?
Highly confrontational approach; client always challenged to examine underlying “irrational” assumptions reflected in his language or behavior. SLP only concerned with meaning client attaches to an event (not past hx).
A cognitive therapist is not interested in ____. What does hen assume?
Emotions.
Assumes: “How you think is how you feel;” interest is in changing thoughts.
How does a cognitive therapist influence thought (4 steps)?
1) Help client explore thinking
2) Challenge client to test validity of belief through experimentation
3) Create change in thinking through analyzing data gathers
4) Create change in behavior based on new, positive evidence
