correlation studies unit 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables that move in the same direction, when one variable increases as the other increases
has a plus sign as part of its correlation coefficient
negative correlation
when one variable increases the other decreases
has a minus sigh as part of its correlation coefficient
no correlation
there is no relationship between the two variables
operationalising variables
when it has been turned into something that can be measured
alternative hypothesis
(for correlation)
a prediction that there will be a statistically significant relationship between two co-variables
null hypothesis
(for correlation)
propose that there will be no statistical significance.
states there will be no correlation between x and y
two-tailed hypothesis
(for correlations)
there will be no correlation between x and y
one tailed hypothesis
(for correlations)
results from an alternative hypothesis which specifies a direction
co-variable
indicate two or more quantities being measured in a correlation by the researcher that may or may not vary with each other
correlation co-efficient
numerical measure of some type of correlation eg -1 , 1
scattergraph
type of plot or mathematical diagram using coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data
primary data
data gathered directly from the participants by the researcher
secondary data
data that has already been gathered by someone other than the researcher
sampling method
the researcher will need to decide what the target population is that they want to be able to make generalisations about and then settle on a way or obtaining a sample of either participants or data that will be representative of this
unstructured observation
When observation is to take place without the pre defined plan and characteristics in advance,
structured
observations take place with a predefined plan and characteristics in advance
behavioural categories
Clearly defined, specific actions that can be observed and recorded as examples of the target behaviour.
coding frame
an organized and systematic approach to categorizing and interpreting the collected data
naturalistic observation
a qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings.
controlled observation
a research method where researchers watch participants in a contained environment, such as a laboratory.
participant observation
a research methodology where the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants.
non- participant observation
observing participants without actively participating.
covert observation
where the researcher is “undercover”; the participants are unaware that they are being observed.
overt observation
where those being observed are aware of the fact.
