Corn Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How much corn did MB produce in 2023?

A

11%

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Gibberella ear rot?

A

Fusarium growth from the tip of the cob to slowly progresses down the cob as infestation progresses.

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3
Q

What mycotoxins are produced by fusarium graminearum and due to the disease gibberella ear rot?

A

Deoxynivalenol (DON)
Zearalenone (ZEN)

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4
Q

Where does infection usually occur for Gibberella Ear rot?

A

Usually through silks. sometimes through kernel wounds and systemically through wounds.

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5
Q

What is the most common mycotoxin in food and feed?

A

DON

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6
Q

What livestock is most sensitive to DON?

A

Swine

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7
Q

What are some negative effects of DON on swine and other young animals?

A
  1. Feed suppression
  2. Feed Refusal
  3. Reduced weight gain
  4. Impaired organ function.
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8
Q

How does the ZEN mycotoxin manifest in swine and dairy?

A

It affects estrogen activity leading to reproductive effects.

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9
Q

What are 3 effects that ZEN has on cattle?

A
  1. Infertility
  2. Reduced milk production
  3. Hyper-estogenism
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10
Q

What fungus causes Gibberella ear rot?

A

Fusarium graminearum

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11
Q

What fungus causes Fusarium ear rot?

A

Fusarium verticillioides

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12
Q

What is the symptom of fusarium ear rot?

A

Sporadic (Scattered) appearance of affected kernels.

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13
Q

What mycotoxin is produced by fusarium verticillioides?

A

Fumonisim (FB)

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14
Q

Which animals are affected by the mycotoxin FB?

A

Cattle, Swine, Sheep and Horses

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15
Q

What fungus causes Penicillium Ear Rot?

A

Penicillium

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Penicillium Ear Rot?

A

Blue-green or greyish fungal growth on or in between kernels, usually near the tip of the cob.

17
Q

What mycotoxin is produced by Penicillium Ear Rot?

A

Ochratoxin A

18
Q

What livestock animals are affected by Ochratoxin A mycotoxin?

A

Swine and Poultry

19
Q

What are the effects of Ochratoxin A on swine and poultry?

A
  1. Reduced feed intake, and dehydration.
  2. Growth retardation.
  3. Kidney Dysfunction
  4. Diarrhea and excessive urine production
  5. Reduces egg production
  6. Vomiting (Swine)
20
Q

What is the causal agent of Aspergillus Ear rot?

A

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Aspergillus Ear rot?

A

Brownish, grey-green powdery mold on or in between kernels. Mold can develop anywhere on the ear however symptoms are often found at damaged areas.

22
Q

What animals are affected by Aflatoxins?

A

Dairy cattle, Swine, Poultry, and Horses.

23
Q

How much Aflatoxin gain are you not allowed to blend?

A

more gthan 20 ppb

24
Q

What fungus is the causal agent for the common smut?

A

Ustilago maydis

25
Q

What are the favorable conditions for the common smut?

A

25 - 35 degrees. High nitrogen and heavy manure are also favorable.

26
Q

How can you control smut?

A

There is no chemical control for smut, but its spread can be controlled by removing galls before they mature and clearing corn litter each fall.

27
Q

How can you control root diseases for corn?

A

Good soil drainage and fungicides.

28
Q

What is the world’s most destructive corn disease?

A

Stalk Rot

29
Q

What are the two types of stalk rot and what are they caused by?

A

Fusarium stalk rot by fusarium species and Anthracnose stalk rot by Colletotrichum species.

30
Q

What is the sign for Stalk rot?

A

light pink to tan discoloration in or on the stalk.

31
Q

What are the symptoms of stalk rot?

A

Shredding of the stem.

32
Q

What are 4 management techniques for stalk rot?

A
  1. Use resistant hybrids.
  2. Crop Rotation
  3. Balanced N and K fertility.
  4. Sanitation, stress reduction such as pest control and reduced plant populations.
33
Q

What are the 4 most common fungal plant pathogens that cause seedling rots and damping off?

A

Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and Penicillium.

34
Q

What kind of a bacteria is Xanthomonas?

A

Gram negative

35
Q

What kind of a bacteria is Clavibacter?

A

Gram positive