core studies- developmental Flashcards
background of bandura?
behaviourism- behaviour is learnt through reward.
Social learning theory, imitation is the reproduction of learning through observation, behaviour can be strengthened by vicarious reinforcement/indirect reward
aim of bandura?
To see whether children will imitate aggressive behaviour, even in a different environment and without a model present
hypothersises of bandura?
1-Children shown aggressive models will show more aggressive acts resembling those of the models than others
2-Children shown non-aggressive models will show less aggressive behaviours than others
3-Boys will show more imitative aggression than girls
4-Children will imitate the same sex model behaviour more than opposite sex behaviour
sample of bandura?
72 children from Stanford university nursery school
Even gender split, average age 3-5 years
methods of bandura?
Lab experiment with observation.
Using an independent measures design.
Matched pairs design
IV’s and DV of bandura?
IV-Aggressive or non-aggressive model
Sex of model
Sex of child
DV-Amount of imitative behaviour shown by child in phase 3
measures of bandura?
Four 5-point rating scales prior to study to measure aggression
Amount of imitative behaviour and aggression, measured by a male model and another observer noting down at 5 second intervals through a one-way mirror including physical acts and verbal phrases
what happened prior to the study in Bandura?
The researchers pre-tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on four 5-point rating scales with the teacher
It was then possible to match the children in each group so that they had similar levels of aggression
what happened in phase 1 of bandura?
child took individually to room where model joined them. child sat at a small table in the corner of room and was left to design a picture using stickers and potato prints. Model then went to opposite corner which contained a small table, chair and tinker toy set, mallet and a 5ft bobo doll.
The experimenter then left the room.
Aggressive con- spent 5 mins playing then became physically aggressive towards bobo doll including specific acts that may later be imitated e.g., repeatedly punching it on the nose. Picking up the doll in the air and kicking it about the room. This was done three times accompanied by various standardized comments such as “hit him down” “pow” and “he keeps coming back for more”
other conditions-model ignored bobo dol
what happened in phase 2 of bandura?
aggressive arousal. Experimenter took children into a new room with new attractive toys and left to play for 2 mins, then they were told toys were not for them and took them out of the room
what happened in phase 3 of bandura?
room contained some aggressive toys and some non-aggressive toys. The non-aggressive toys included a tea set, crayons, the aggressive toys included a mallet and a 3-foot Bobo doll.
The child was in the room for 20 minutes, and their behaviour was observed and rated though a one-way mirror. Observations were made at 5-second intervals
what 4 behaviour codes were used in bandura?
Responses were recorded in the following categories and provided an aggression score for each child:
1.Imitative aggression responses
2. Partially imitative responses:
3.Non-imitative aggressive responses:
4. Non-aggressive verbal responses:
findings of bandura?
Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly more imitative aggressive behaviour than those in the other conditions
The behaviour of male model exerted greater influence than the female model
Overall boys produced more imitative physical aggression than girls
conclusions of bandura?
Children can learn behaviour through imitation and observation
Boys and girls are likely to learn verbal aggression from same sex adult
Behaviour modelled by male adults has a greater influence on children’s behaviour than female adults.
background of chaney?
Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioural responses.
Children don’t comply with taking asthma medication as they struggle with the deep breathing techniques
aim of chaney?
To show that the use of the funhaler device which incorporates incentive toys while not compromising drug delivery can provide positive reinforcement which leads to improved adherence
sample of chaney?
32 children (22 male, 10 female) with a range of 1.5-6 years, prescribed drugs delivered by pMDI and spacer were recruited
Parents gave consent for their children and participated in the study through completing questionaries and taking part in phone interviews
methods in chaney?
Field experiment in Australia
Repeated measures
IV’S and DV in chaney?
IV’S: The breath-a-tech and the funhaler
DV’S: Amount of adherence to the prescribed medication regime
what materials are used in chaney?
Self-report measures such as phone calls. Also, questionaries were used throughout the study as well as interviews
