area 5 forensic psychology Flashcards
what is crime prevention?
an attempt to reduce and deter crime
what are 6 key drivers to prevent crime?
remove opportunity
intervene with certain characters early
effectiveness of CJS is a detterent
hard to make profit of crime
what is newmans theory of defensible space?
that if a space looks like it is being ‘defended’ crime is less liekly to happen in that area
what did 4 main factors did newman suggest in architecture to deter crime?
territory
natural surveillance
image
milieu
what did newman say about teritory?
sone where residents have a sense of ownership eg through fences and walls
what did newman say about nautral suyrveillance?
should be able to see what happening the neigbourhood eg through overlooking windows, outdoor balconies
what did newman say about image?
regular maintenance and increased pride in house means that it looks like someone is bothered about their property so wont burgle because they will care/ take responsibility
what does newman say about mileu?
if entry ways are visible from the road and close to communal areas their is increased surveillance so strangers can be identified easily
how did newman find this out?
through an quasi experiment
what are the 2 IV’s of newman?
low rise Brownsville and high rise van dyke
which area had the higher levels of crime?
the van dyke estate- high rise buildings
what happened in zimbardos research into broken windows theory?
was an experiment where he left 2 similar cars in different areas bronx and palo alto. in 10 mins the bronx car had parts stolen and most parts were gone in 3 days
palo alto- no one touched it for a week
what did zimbardo do to the car if palo alto after it had been untouched?
he smashed one of the windows which the led to people wrecking the car
what did wilson and kelling come up with after zimbardos reserach?
that if a window remains unrepaired it will lead to further decay meaning if one person commits a crime this can become the beginning for others if this isn’t targeted by the police as people begin to disregard pro social norms
what is zero tolerance policing and who came up to it?
Bratton the NYPD chief in the 90s came up with the idea that we should prevent the development of anti social norms by aggressively policing minor crimes to deter criminals
how did bratton start to enforce zero tolerance policing?
sent 8-10 police officers at once on the subway to catch 10-20 fare evaders at a time and once this worked this was used to target other minor crimes like graffiti, public drinking
what was the quality of life intitative?
squeegee people were arrested and assertive policing was used as 0 tolerance could elad to a missuse of power
what happend to the crime rate after the 0 tolerance policing by bratton?
serious crime fell by 25%
this was adopted by other states and the crime rates fell in America for 5 consecutive years
what do some people think caused the crime rate to drop in the 90’s?
the 7000 new officers eployed so higher prescene, other policies,newtons law of crime meaning crime was supposed to drop after an increase due to cocaine use
what is order maintenance policing?
careful policing as it can have negative consequences such as alienating the public form the police and resentment towards the police as a result of heavy handed stop and searches
aim of Wilson and kelling?
how features of neighborhoods can reduce crime rates (review)
what is the background to Wilson and kelling?
safe and clean neighborhoods program introduced in new jersey, where police were on walking beats, trying to build positive relationships in the community. 5 years later review showed that there was no decrease in crime however people felt more secure and took less precautions
what do foot patrols do?
Enforce law and protect neighbourhood rule for public order. Keep an eye on strangers as they know regulars
what did W+K say about foot patrols?
Communities feel reassures when order is maintained. This decreases the fear of crime
what is broken windows?
neglected property becomes a target for disorder. when people dont care for property there is a breakdown of community controls
what did W+K say about broken windows?
many residents will believe that crime is on the rise and keep off the streets and wish to move away. Such areas are vulnerable to criminal invasion where drugs will change hands and cars will be stripped. There is a connection between disorderliness and fear
what are community controls?
Police role is to maintain order and reinforce the control mechanisms of society. ‘Informal control’
what did W+K say about community controls?
Disorderliness weakens the connection between the controls and the people. People who fear drunk or youth gangs are the 1st broken window, which can lead to more fear
what was the new developments in policing?
Role of police had changed from maintaining order to apprehending and catching criminals
Society wanted police officers to have the legal tools to remove undesirable people from a neighbourhood when informal efforts to preserve order had failed.
what did W+K say about the new developments in policing?
society has to decide what constitutes an undesirable person and what behaviours should be criminalised. For example, Wilson and Kelling believe that decriminalising disreputable behaviour that ‘harms no one’ is a mistake as it removes the ultimate sanction the police have in maintaining neighbourhood order.
What happens to ensure policetreat people fairly?
Selection of training and supervision of police is important however there is stretched resources
what did W+K suggest to ensure police treat people fairly?
Try the Newark experiment, use informal social control such as community rules. Employ citizen patrols
how is order maintained?
Police are key in maintaining order along with citizens. Foot patrol is useless and unnecessary for some neighbourhoods
Police should use public transport to enforce rules
what did W+K suggest to keep order maintained?
Identify neighbourhoods that need the most support at the ‘tipping point’ where the public order is deteriorating but not unreclaimable
allocate patrols to specific neighbourhoods to see where is best.
Private guards or off duty police officers for communities
how is neighborhood watch an application for crime prevention?
set up in new york as a response for kitty genovese. they have to apply and work alongside the police and have meetings to discuss issues. it involves the community taking responsibility. coordinator is appointed to put things in place
how is pulling levers an application for crime prevention?
Selecting a particular crime problems such as street drug dealing and pulling together a law enforcement group, typically including police and probation services to deal with it. using any and all legal ‘levers’ to sanction groups whose members commit serious crimes
how is ‘puling levers’ done?
Police communicate directly and repeatedly with offenders to let them know that they are under particular scrutiny and what they can do to avoid enforcement action. For example offenders are directed to attend face to face meetings with law enforcement officials.
what are some other aplications?
CCTV
housing and neighbourhood layout
surveillance
target hardening
access control
stimulating conscience
denying benefits
facilitating compliance
