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Psychology > area 1 child psychology intelligence > Flashcards

area 1 child psychology intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

what do IQ tests assess?

A

processing skills (cognition)

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2
Q

who first measured intelligence

A

alfred binet

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3
Q

what did alfred binet develop?

A

the binet-simon test which was the basis for the modern IQ test

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4
Q

what 3 factors did binet reduce intelligence down to?

A

understand complex ideas
adapt effectively to environment
learn from experience

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5
Q

what did spearman believe about intelligence?

A

the ‘g’ factor - general intelligence
used stats analysis to study relationship between cognitive factors and mental ability

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6
Q

what did spearman believe about other factors of intelligence apart from the g factor?

A

’s’ factor specific forms of intelligence
measure our specific skills and abilities in particular limited areas (logic, maths, vocabulary etc)

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7
Q

what did spearman say about the g and the s factor?

A

Our ability to behave intelligently on a cognitive task depends upon a combination of both ‘g’ and ‘s’. ‘G’ is intelligence that applies to all tasks and ‘s’ is the form of intelligence required in that particular task but not in others.

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8
Q

What did catell believe about intelligence?

A

it can be fluid or crystallized
fluid- decreases with age
crystallized- increases with age

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9
Q

what is fluid intelligence?

A

reason in abstract ways and solve problems without experience

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10
Q

what is crystallized intelligence?

A

acquire knowledge through learning and experiecne

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11
Q

what did carrol believe about intelligence?

A

the 3 stratum model
Overarched by the single ‘g’ factor introduced by Spearman
Stratum II gathered these into several broad ability factors
Stratum I included around 70 narrow abilities

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12
Q

what did gardener believe about intelligence?

A

We possess all these abilities to a greater or lesser degree and use them in different ways to solve problems, perform tasks and so on. an individual may have a high degree of interpersonal intelligence, moderate logical mathematical, but little musical intelligence etc

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13
Q

what did gardener believe the 8 intelligence’s were?

A

verbal linguistic- spoken, written
logical mathematical- patterns, think logically
bodily kinasthetic- coordinate your body to solve problems
musical- produce tone and rhythms
visual spacial- mental images to solve
interpersonal- Understand other people
intrapersonal- understand yourself
naturalistic- workings of nature/ world

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14
Q

what is sternbergs theory of intelligence?

A

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

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15
Q

what is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

viewed some of Gardner’s intelligences as ‘individual talents’ rather than intelligence
Successful intelligence which involves three different factors.

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16
Q

what is successful intelligence made up of?

A

Analytical Intelligence- Evaluate info and solve problems
Creative Intelligence-Ability to come up with new ideas
Practical Intelligence- Ability to adapt to changing environment

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17
Q

What did Mayer believe about intelligence?

A

Ability to recognise meanings of emotions and reason and problem solve on the basis of them. – 4 key elements of:
self awareness
self management
social awareness
relationship management

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18
Q

what did McGue find about intelligence when looking at twin studied?

A

reviewed over 100 studies comparing concordance rates
average concordance rate for MZ twins is 0.86 and for DZ twins is 0.60.
50% of the variation in IQ scores is due to genetic influence

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19
Q

what did McGue find about intelligence when looking at adoption studies?

A

the IQ concordance rates for MZ twins raised apart was 0.72, higher than for DZ twins raised together 0.60. Indicating a significant role for heritability in intelligence and smaller role for environmental factors.

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20
Q

how is brain size related to intelligence?

A

A greater correlation of 0.35 has been found between brain size and IQ (Rushton & Ankney, 2007)
moderate link between brain size and intelligence

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21
Q

what specific brain areas were related to intelligence?

A

Haier et al. (2007) did a review of 37 brain scan studies and found that intelligence may be correlated with intelligence with volumes in the pre frontal cortex, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s Area

22
Q

what was found about white and grey matter relating to intelligence?

A

the more grey and white matter a person has, the greater their processing capacity and the more efficient their neuronal communication
Luder et al. (2009) showed that higher IQ scores are correlated with higher amounts of both grey and white matter in the brain.

23
Q

What is the Flynn affect?

A

Flynn (1987) was the first to identify the link between nutrition and IQ.
scores of IQ in most countries have increased since the 1930’s

24
Q

how was the example of china’s decreasing IQ linked wiith nutrition?

A

Ming Qian et al. (2005) found that a dietary deficiency of the nutrient iodine was linked with an average decrease in IQ of 22 points in China.

25
background of van leeuwen?
Individual differences in intelligence tend to cluster in families, resemblance in intelligence between relatives can be due to genetic similarity, environmental similarities, cultural transmission between generations, social interaction in the family, or all of the above
26
what is Environment stimulated intelligence?
bright parents giving children extra schoolwork or providing intelligence boosting toys may result in more intelligent children/adults. Parents provide children with the environment that match their own genotype- culturally transmitted
27
what is cultural transmission?
the way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information.
28
what is phenotypic assortment?
people mate with partners of a similar intelligence, based on individuals with similar genetics/intelligence level being attracted to each other. Spouses usually resemble each other in IQ scores.
29
what is social homogamy?
people with the same intelligence level live in the same social environment. People don’t choose someone based on their intelligence but because the people in their social environment have the same intelligence level they tend to mate with people of a similar IQ.
30
aim of van leeuwen?
To separate genetic and environmental effects on IQ and to also investigate why spouses have similar intelligence scores If the 2 assumptions are incorrect the result of twin studies could be biased. Heritability could be over/under estimated. Twin studies don’t test these assumptions. This could be tested by expanding the sample to parents and siblings
31
sample of van leeuwen?
112 families from Netherlands from twin registry. Consisted of 2 parents and either MZ or DV twins plus a sibling between 9-14 years old. Volunteers that gave informed consent. Only included families whose children were without self-reported psychiatric problems, mental illness or special needs.
32
how was intelligence tested in the families in van leeuwen?
Children were tested individually in separate rooms with ravens’ standard progressive matrices IQ test which they completed at their own pace after being given instructions parents did ravens advanced progressive matrices. Questions became more difficult and provided index of general intelligence Data analysed using the rasch model
33
what did the ravens progressive matrices include?
included a range of cognitive tasks such as identifying missing puzzle pieces to completing analogies
34
how was the results gathered in van leeuwen from the procedure?
Compared intelligence tests of the DZ and MZ twins with those of their siblings and parents. Allowed assessment of influence of hereditary and cultural transmission.
35
how was the genetic relationships of the families tested?
Families provided a check swab to check if twins were identical.
36
how were the families rewarded for taking part in the van leeuwen study?
Parents compensated for travel costs and children rewarded with a present
37
results of van leeuwen about genetics?
-Correlation on scores of IQ higher for MZ twins than siblings, DZ twins and parents -No sex differences -Genetics accounts for 67% of intelligence with remainder explained by environmental factors
38
results relating to social homogamy?
Correlation of IQ between couples were significant, shows more likely to mate with those of similar intellectual ability
39
what did van leeweun find about environmental factors?
Environmental factors more important with children with a genetic predisposition for low IQ. Suggests environmental and genetic factors can influence each other to determine intelligence
40
results of van leeuwen about siblings and twins?
variance in the siblings was significantly larger than in the twins. This means that siblings had wide ranging scores on the test, whereas twins had very similar scores. supports a genetic explanation, because the more genetic makeup the share, the more similar their IQ is.
41
conclusions of van leeuwen?
-Biological factors affect intelligence. -Individual differences in intelligence can largely be explained by the transmission of genes -cultural transmission from parents has no effect. -genes do interact with environmental factors to influence intelligence particularly in those with low IQ. -No indication that intelligent parents provide a stimulating environment to promote children’s intelligence. -children predisposed to a high IQ will seek out stimulating environments those predisposed to low IQ will not
42
what are some applications of topic 1?
weschler intelligence scale for children ravens progressive/ advanced matricies IQ testing testing multiple intelligences
43
what is the weschler intelligence scale for children/
used for children 6-16yrs used in western cultures
44
how is the weschler scale used?
trained testers administer the test face to face with an individual. can last 15 minutes to 3 hours. it produces seperate scores for various aspects of intellectual function. overall score- general IQ
45
what does he weschler scale measure?
the test measures 5 main forms of intellectual functioning. Each measure called a primary index.​ Verbal Comprehension​
46
what is the ravens progressive matrices?
non verbal, measure educative ability (the ability to think clearly and to identify meaningful patterns in complex information).
47
what psychologically grounds the ravens progressive matricies?
assess fluid intelligence, a core component of Spearman’s concept of general intelligence. ​Fluid – Solve problems without experience – Cattell
48
what is the colour progressive matrices?
used for children between 4 – 7 and some individuals with mental or physical disorders. Assess 36 items in colour and black and white.​
49
what is the Good enough Harris Drawing Test?
Students draw a man and woman and the child, They then analyse the features such as limbs and absence of details and give an intelligence estimation.
50
what happens in the ravens progressive matrices?
It is a pen and paper test consisting of 60 items arranged into 5 sets (A – E) of 12 items each. Each item presents sequences of geometrical patterns in a 3x3 (or 2x2) square (or matrix). One pattern is missing and the testee has to select the appropriate one from a set of six (sometimes 8) alternatives. The items within each set get increasingly difficult
51
how long is the ravens progressive matricies?
untimed but generally takes between 15 – 45 mins and requires no specialist materials. It can be administered to groups as well as individuals.
52
how is a IQ score generated from the ravens progressive matrices?
​produces a single raw score, which is converted to a standard score so an individual’s IQ can be interpreted in context of the wider population.​

Psychology (22 decks)

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