Core Studies

Question 1

Sample of Piliavin

Answer 1

4,450 men and women in the carriage over the 103 trials
Mean number per carriage was 43
Racial composition of a typical carriage was about 45% black and 55% white

Question 2

Sampling method of Piliavin

Answer 2

Opportunity - people available at the time (in the carriage)

Question 3

Sample of Bandura

Answer 3

72 children from Stanford University Nursery
36 boys, 36 girls
Ages 37-69 months (3-6yrs)
Mean age was 52 months (4 yrs 4 months)

Question 4

Sample of Chaney

Answer 4

32 children
22 boys, 10 girls
Aged between 1 1/2 and 6 yrs (75% over 3 yrs)
From 7 clinics, on avg they had asthma for 2.2 yrs

Question 5

Experimental design of Chaney

Answer 5

Repeated measures design

Question 6

Type of experiment - Chaney

Answer 6

Field experiment

Question 7

How was data obtained - Chaney

Answer 7

Self report

Question 8

How sample was obtained - Chaney

Answer 8

They were recruited on a random basis from 7 paediatrician or GP clinics.
Clinics were within a 51km radius from Perth, Western Australia

Question 9

Sample of Lee

Answer 9

China: 120 overall
Gender equally split in each age group, 7, 9 and 11 yrs - 40 in each group
Canada: 108 overall
Aged 7: 20 males, 16 females - 36
Aged 9: 24 males, 16 females - 40 
Aged 11: 14 males, 24 females - 32

Question 10

4 Independent variables - Lee

Answer 10

• Ethnicity of child (chinese or canadian)
• Age (7, 9 or 11 yrs)
• Type of story (social or physical)
• Pro-social or anti-social settings

Question 11

Four types of stories - Lee

Answer 11

• Pro-social setting - truth-telling (physical and social) stories
• Pro-social setting - lie-telling (physical and social) stories
• Anti-social setting - truth-telling (physical and social) stories
• Anti-social setting - lie-telling (physical and social) stories

Question 12

Sample of Moray

Answer 12

12 ppts, undergraduate students and research workers of both sexes

Question 13

Independent variables - Moray

Answer 13

whether instruction within a rejected passage:

• was preceded by the ppt’s name (affective)
• was not preceded by the ppt’s name (non-affective)

Question 14

4 aims of Piliavin

Answer 14

1. to see if type of victim affected helping behaviour (ill expected to be helped more than drunk)
2. to see if there was any tendency towards same-race helping (expected there would be)
3. to investigate the impact of modelling in emerency situations
4. to examine the relationship between size of group (diffusion of responsibility) and frequency + latency of the helping response with a victim who was both seen and heard

Question 15

Quantitative results from Piliavin

Answer 15

over the 103 trials, the victim was helped 62 times out of the 65 ill trials and 19 times out of the 38 drunk trials

the medium latency for ill trials was 5 seconds and 109 seconds for the drunk trials.

there were 81 spontaneous first helpers - 90% were male

on 21 of 103 trials, 34 ppts left the critical area

Question 16

Qualitative results from Piliavin

Answer 16

More comments made in drunk trials than ill trials
women said things like;
“it’s for men to help him.”
“I wish I could help him, I’m not strong enough.”
“I never saw this kind of thing before - I don’t know where to look.”
“You feel so bad that you don’t know what to do.”

Question 17

Conclusions from Piliavin

Answer 17

• Ill individual more likely to receive help than drunk individual
• Men are more likely to help than women
• Some tendency for same-race helping, especially if victim appears drunk
• Help comes quickest in greatest numbers when more witnesses present (no diffusion of responsibility)
• The model had less impact on behaviour of others the longer an emergency continued without help. More likely individuals would leave the immediate area.

Question 18

What were the 4 teams made up of and what were the 4 model conditions?

Answer 18

4 teams made up of the victim, model and two observers (all female) - 3 white victims and 1 black victim - all male

4 model conditions: critcal area - early, critical area - late, adjacent area - early, adjacent area - late

Question 19

What ethics did Piliavin break?

Answer 19

Consent - opportunity sampling so no consent given
Debriefing - didn’t fully break it but didn’t tell people what was happening
Deception - they thought the victim actually fell and was actually ill and drunk
Protection from harm - could’ve felt guilty for not helping
Withdrawal - couldn’t withdraw as it was still recorded

Question 20

What ethics did Piliavin uphold?

Answer 20

Protection from harm - victim assured they were alright at the end and no one was physically harmed
Withdrawal - ppts could have left the train/carriage
Confidentiality - no names were given/published

Question 21

what is the triad of impairments? (3 groups)

Answer 21

difficulties with social communication (may not read facial expressions, tone of voice or understand jokes or sarcasm)

difficulties with social interaction (may stand too close to another person or starting up a convo out of the blue)

difficulties with social imagination (may find it hard to predict what might happen next or to anticipate danger)

Question 22

what are first order theory of mind tests

Answer 22

these test the ability of the participant to work out the thoughts than another person might have

Question 23

what are second order theory of mind tests

Answer 23

these test the ability of the participant to work out the thoughts that another person might have about the thoughts of someone else

Question 24

sample of baron cohen

Answer 24

group 1 - 16 ppl with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. All of normal intelligence. Mean age of 28.6 years. 13 males and 3 females.

group 2 - 50 normal adults (25 male, 25 female). Assumed to have intelligence in the normal range. Mean age of 30 years. From general population of Cambridge.

group 3 - 10 adults with Tourette syndrome (8 male and 2 female). Normal IQ range. Mean age 27.77 years.

Question 25

sampling technique - baron cohen

Answer 25

group 1 - self-selecting (advertisement in magazine for the National Autistic Society + recruited from various clinical sources)

group 2 - random (selected at random from a subject panel held in the university department)

group 3 - recruited from a tertiary referral centre in London