COPD

Question 1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is any disease resulting from (2 elements):

Answer 1

Increased airway resistance

Decreased lung or chest wall elastic recoil

Question 2

Name four diseases included in COPD

Answer 2

Emphysema
Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
(extra: Bronchiectasis)

Question 3

What is the name of the condition characterized by abnormal and permanent enlargement of airspace with destruction of alveolar wall without fibrosis?

Answer 3

Emphysema

Question 4

In emphysema, the digestion of lung occurs as an imbalance of which proteins?

Answer 4

Protease and antiprotease

Question 5

Protease is released by what?

Answer 5

Dying neutrophils and macrophages

Question 6

What is the main cause of emphysema

Answer 6

Cigarette smoking

Question 7

What are the effects of cigarette smoking, with respect to emphysema?

Answer 7

Increase number of neutrophils in the lungs
Delay neutrophils transit to other organs
Increase neutrophil elastase release
Increase number of alveolar macrophages

Question 8

What are the three types of emphysema?

Answer 8

Centrilobular (proximal acinar)
Panlobular (panacinar)
Paraseptal (distal acinar)

Question 9

Patchy, black holes that are more severe at the apex of the lung is a sign of what?

Answer 9

Centrilobular emphysema

Question 10

Yellowish coloration at the bottom of the lung is a sign of what?

Answer 10

Panlobular emphysema

Question 11

Uncommon rupture of the pleural at the apex of lung is a sign of what?

Answer 11

Paraseptal emphysema

Question 12

What is bronchiolitis (small airway disease)?

Answer 12

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Question 13

[Mural chronic inflammation
Mural fibrosis
Epithelial goblet cell hyperplasia and luminal mucus accumulation] is a sign of what?

Answer 13

Bronchiolitis

Question 14

What is the clinical evidence for chronic bronchitis?

Answer 14

Expectoration of mucous on most days for at least three consecutive months for at least two years

Question 15

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 15

Irreversible dilatation of a portion of the bronchial tree

Question 16

What are the causes of bronchiectasis?

Answer 16

Intraluminal bronchial obstruction (carcinoma, aspired foreign body)
Inherited cellular defect (cystic fibrosis)
Parenchymal fibrosis (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)

Question 17

What are the persistent respiratory symptoms of COPD?

Answer 17

Breathlessness (dyspnea), cough, sputum

Question 18

For a diagnosis of COPD, the spirometry test FEV1/FVC must be…

Answer 18

Of 0.7 or lower