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Coordination and Response Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus => … => response

A

Receptor => coordination => effector

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment e.g. body water content or body temperature

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3
Q

Shoot Phototropism

A

Positive

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4
Q

Root Phototropism

A

Mostly none or some negative

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5
Q

Shoot Geotropism

A

Negative

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6
Q

Root Geotropism

A

Positive

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7
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Stimulates cells in the shoot to grow. As it diffuses downwards it moves away from light. The higher concentration of the hormone on the “dark” side of the shoot causes cells there to grow more, resulting in a bending of the shoot toward the light source

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8
Q

How are hormones transmitted?

A

They are secrete from a gland and travel in the bloodstream

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9
Q

How are nerve signals transmitted?

A

Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters at synapses

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10
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

How does a synapse work?

A
  1. Impulse arrived down axon of first neurone
  2. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse
  3. Neurotransmitter attached to membrane of second neurone
  4. Impulse started in second neurone
  5. Neurotransmitter broken down by enzyme from second neurone
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12
Q

What is the effect of nerve impulses?

A

Fast, short-lived and localised

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13
Q

What is the effect of hormones?

A

Slower, longer-lasting and more widespread

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14
Q

What happens when the body is cold?

A
  • Behaviour changes
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Faster metabolism due to adrenaline release
  • Shivering
  • Hair erection
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15
Q

What happens when the body is hot?

A
  • Sweating
  • Vasodilation
  • Behaviour changes
  • Hair erector muscle relaxes
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16
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal glands

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17
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Testes

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19
Q

Where is progesterone and oestrogen produced?

20
Q

Where are AntiDiuretic Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinising Hormone produced?

A

Pituitary gland

21
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Prepares the body for physical activity

22
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood glucose

23
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Controls development of male secondary sexual characteristics

24
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Regulates the menstrual cycle

25
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

26
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Controls the water content of the blood

27
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates egg development and oestrogen secretion in females and sperm production in male

28
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates egg release (ovulation) in females and testosterone production in males

29
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light?

A
  • Circular muscles contract
  • Radial muscles relax
  • Pupil constricts
30
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light?

A
  • Circular muscles relax
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Pupil dilates
31
Q

What happens to the lens when focusing on a distant object?

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Suspensory ligament pulled tight
  • Lens flatter
32
Q

What happens to the lens when focusing on a nearby object?

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments slack
  • Lens more rounded
33
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Ring of muscle around the lens of the eye that alters the shape of the lens during accommodation

34
Q

Retina

A

Inner, light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye

35
Q

Fovea

A

Region at the centre of the retina where there is a high-concentration of light-sensitive receptor cells

36
Q

Blind spot

A

Area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Contains no light-sensitive cells, so an image cannot be detected

37
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain

38
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer coat of the eye

39
Q

Choroid

A

Dark layer of tissue below the sclera that contains blood vessels and pigment cells

40
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Fibres between the lens and ciliary body of the eye that hold the lens in position

41
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent “window” at the front of the eye that allows light to enter. Also refracts light

42
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the eye

43
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of the eye visible from the front. Muscles in the iris change the size of the pupil

44
Q

What do rods do?

A

Work well in dim light but cannot distinguish colours, so the brain “sees” an image in black and white

45
Q

What do cones do?

A

Only work in bright light and there are three types which respond to the different colours or wavelengths of light - red, green and blue. We can see all the colours of visible light as a result of these being stimulated to different degrees

Biology (24 decks)

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