control of respiration Flashcards
Respiration is under automatic control via centers in the ______ and under voluntary control via the _________
Respiration is under automatic control via centers in the medulla and under voluntary control via the cerebral cortex
DRG contains primarily
inspiratory neurons
ramp signal
initial weak AP but gradually increases in amplitude every 6 sec
neurons to the DRG connect to
inspiratory muscles by the phrenic nerve and the external intercostal by thoracic spinal nerve
DRG receive input from
peripheral cardiopulmonary sensorts
Botzinger complex actas as a _____ and it is found
acts as a pacemaker (generated respiratory rhythm) and it is located in the upper part of the VRG
lower part of VRG contains both
inspiratory and expiratory neurons
VRG increase the diameted of ______ during inspiration
upper airways
caudal region of the VRG sends output of the
expiratory muscles (internal intercostals and abdomonal muscles)
how long is resting breathing
around 3 sec
when are expiraotyr neurons in the VRG are needed
during exercise
the inspiratory and expiratory neurons in the medulla exhibit
reciprocal inhibition
The apneustic center, located in the_______ just above the medulla, may exhibit an ______ affect on the DRG and VRG and prolong the ramp action potentials.
The apneustic center, located in the lower pons just above the medulla, may exhibit an excitatory affect on the DRG and VRG and prolong the ramp action potentials.
pneumotaxic center is located in the _____ and appears to
located in the upper pons and appears to “switch-off” inspiration and thus may regulate inspiratory volume
can cortical centers override functions?
yep, it can control breathing
carotid and aortic bodies respond to changes in
PaO2, PaCO2 and pH
chemoreceptors
how to the signals from carotid an aortic bodies sreach the DRG
nerves IX and X
Glomus cells are
chemosensors
which body is more sensitive to hypoxia
carotid more than the aortic
Higher PaCO2 actually depresses ventilation and leads to CO2 narcosis.
true
will a decrease in PaO2 results in a more sensitive response of chemosensors when combined with a rise in PaCO2
yepppppp, it would lead to a greater stimulation to ventilation
The response of chemo-receptors to both increased PaCO2 and decreased PaO2 is enhanced at ______ pH.
lower
central chemoreceptors are located ________ and provide sensory input to the _____
located in the medulla and provide sensory input to the DRG
dentral chemoreceptors are stimulated by changes in the
pH of the CSF
how does H+ diffuse through blood-brain barrier
as CO2
Hering-Breuer reflex
overinflation of the lung sends signals via the vagus nerve to the pneumotaxic center to terminate inspiration
slowly adapting stretch receptors
mechanoreceptos located within the tracheobronchial tree that fire when the lung volume increases
apneustic breathing
deep and prolonged inspiration
rapidly adapting stretch receptor occur in the
upper airways
sneeze reflex receptors located in the ______ and respond to
nasal mucosa and pharynx and respond to distension of the tissue and irritation
cough receptors located in
larynx, trachea and bronchi
sneeze and cough are caused by
irritants
irritant receptors ______ respiratory centers to augment respiratory activity and to _____ airways to promote ________ breathing to limit penetration of the noxious agents.
irritant receptors stimulate respiratory centers to augment respiratory activity and to constrict airways to promote rapid, shallow breathing to limit penetration of the noxious agents.
J receptors respond to
J receptors respond to interstitial edema and engorgement of pulmonary capillaries.
when J receptors are stimulated the y
mediate closure of the larynx and tachypnea in response to pulm. embolism
chest wall mechanoreceptors detect
impediments to breathing and stimulate inspiratory activity
input from the cortex are absolute when it comes to breathing
nope; ventilatory drive from chemoreceptors are too strong
