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BACTE 1 > Control of Microorganism > Flashcards

Control of Microorganism Flashcards

1
Q

introduced the concept of aseptic surgery using carbolic acid.

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

Complete destruction of all forms of life, including
bacterial spores

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

Sterilization can be achieved with the use of what?

A

High pressure, heat, and chemicals

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4
Q

A process that eliminates a defined scope of microorganisms, including some spores.

A

Disinfection

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5
Q

is sterilization selective or nonselective?

A

non selective

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6
Q

is disinfection selective or non selective?

A

selective

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7
Q

are chemical agents applied to inanimate objects.

A

Disinfectants

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8
Q

a substance applied to the skin for the purpose of eliminating or reducing the number of bacteria present. However, it does not kill spores.

A

antiseptic

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9
Q

Microorganisms living together in communities and
provides protection to the microorganisms against
chemical and physical means of destruction

A

Biofilm

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10
Q

Naked pieces of protein and thought to be the agents
that cause a number of degenerative diseases of the
nervous system

A

Prions

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11
Q

Prions can withstand high temperature. Give the value

A

More than 121 degrees Celsius

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12
Q

When an object or material is thought to be contaminated with a prion, special methods need to
be taken to destroy the agent. Simple disinfection or
sterilization may not be sufficient. True or False?

A

True

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13
Q

Enumerate the different types of organisms according to most resistant to least resistant.

A

Prions - Bacterial spores - mycobacteria - nonlipid viruses - fungi - bacteria - lipid viruses

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14
Q

The total number of organisms present.

A

Microbial load

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15
Q

Composed of organisms with differing degrees of
susceptibility to killing agents, all the organisms
die at the same time. True or false?

A

False - not all organisms die at the same time.

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16
Q

If the number of organisms is plotted against the
time they are exposed to the killing agent
(exposure time) logarithmically, the result is a
straight line. The straight line is called?

A

The death curve

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17
Q

Higher numbers of organisms require longer or shorter exposure times?

A

Longer exposure times

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18
Q

what disinfectant may actually allow microorganism to survive because it is not enough to kill microorganism?

A

Povidone-iodine

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19
Q

what organic material affects the killing activity by inactivating disinfecting agent?

A

blood, mucus, and pus

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20
Q

Alcohol and iodine preparations (e.g., Betadine) must be
in contact with an object for at least?

A

1-2 minutes

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21
Q

What is the temperature of disinfectants?

A

20 - 22 degrees Celsius

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22
Q

Considered a community of bacteria or other
microorganisms.

A

Biofilms

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23
Q

What place in the hospital is where biofilms commonly seen?

A

Catheters

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24
Q

What materials that invade sterile tissues or enter the vascular system. These materials are most likely to produce infection if contaminated, and they require sterilization.

A

Critical materials

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25
Q

before they come contact they require high level of disinfection agents

A

semi critical materials

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26
Q

require intermediate-level to
low-level disinfection before contact with intact skin

A

non critical materials

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27
Q

the most common method used for elimination of microorganisms

A

heat

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28
Q

it is the agent used in autoclaves

A

moist heat

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29
Q

give the values of autoclaves

A

121 degrees , 15 minutes at 15 PSI

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30
Q

It requires much longer exposure times
and higher temperatures than moist heat.

A

Dry heat

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31
Q

This method may be used for heat-stable
substances that are not penetrated by moist
heat, such as oils.

A

Dry heat

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32
Q

commonly used physical methods to sterile glassware

A

dry heat

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33
Q

Methods that achieve disinfection but not
sterilization; these

A

boiling and pasteurization

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34
Q

what is the temperature of boiling and pasteurization

A

72 degrees or 121 F for 15 seconds

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35
Q

physical method that May be used with both liquid and air

A

Filtration

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36
Q

filtration is accomplished by

A

HEPA or High efficiency particulate air

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37
Q

Identify the physical method
Short wavelength and high energy
- For the sterilization of disposable supplies
such as syringes, catheters, and gloves

A

Ionizing radiation

38
Q

Identify the physical method
- Long wavelength and low energy
- it damages DNA by forming _ and _
- usefulness is limited

A

non ionizing wavelength

39
Q

One of the most important contributions by
microbiologists to the general welfare of the
worldwide population

A

Germ theory of disease

40
Q

Two most effective alcohols used in hospitals for disinfection purposes are?

A

Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol

41
Q

Alcohols are not sporicidal solutions, alcohol may actually
be contaminated with spores. True or false?

A

True

42
Q

use as disinfectant of biosafety hoods?

A

formaldehyde

43
Q

what disease has been known to survive for many years in tissue fixed in formaldehyde?

A

tuberculosis

44
Q

Saturated five-carbon dialdehyde that has
broad-spectrum activity and rapid killing action and remains active in the presence of organic
matter

A

Glutaraldehyde

45
Q

Extremely susceptible to pH changes and is
active only in an alkaline environment. Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde?

A

Glutaraldehyde

46
Q

are alcohol and iodine solutions, used
mainly as antiseptics

A

Tincture

47
Q

is a combination of iodine and a neutral
polymer carrier that increases the solubility of the agent. This combination allows the slow release of
iodine.

A

Iodophor

48
Q

Commonly used as skin preparation agents for sites
where blood is to be drawn for blood cultures.

A

Iodophors

49
Q

Some of the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants.

A

chlorine compounds

50
Q

It has been used for more than 30 years in hospital settings.

A

Chlorhexidine gluconate

51
Q

Chlorhexidine gluconate is more effective in what gram stain?

A

gram positive

52
Q

Primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria.

A

Hexachlorophene

53
Q

it has good activity against gram-positive bacteria, but it is less
active against gram-negative bacteria, M. tuberculosis,
fungi, and viruses

A

chloroxylenol

54
Q

A diphenyl ether that disrupts the cell wall

A

Triclosan

55
Q

triclosan has fair activity against ____ and poor activity against ____

A

M. tuberculosis; Fungi

56
Q

it is rarely used in clinical application

A

heavy metals

57
Q

first solid surface that get the approval of EPA to be considered antimicrobial for health care use

A

Copper and copper alloys

58
Q

gas most commonly used for sterilization

A

ethylene oxide

59
Q

what relative humidity is use in ethylene oxide in order to kill spores?

A

30%

60
Q

Primarily used as a sterilant in the pharmaceutical
and medical device manufacturing industries.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

61
Q

hydrogen peroxide is active against?

A

bacterial endospores and fungal spore

62
Q

The main goal of handwashing is to eliminate

A

transient biota

63
Q

used to stop the spread of infectious agents that may be transmitted through direct or indirect
contact with the patient or with the patient’s
environment.

A

Contact precautions

64
Q

used to stop the spread of infectious agents that can be transmitted by close respiratory contact
or by exposure of mucous membranes to
respiratory secretions

A

Droplet precaution

65
Q

These precautions are used for infectious
agents, such as M. tuberculosis, varicella virus, and rubeola virus, that can remain airborne and infectious over long distances

A

Airborne precautions

66
Q

is an important part of every microbiology laboratory safety program

A

Biological risk assessment

67
Q

has long been known to cause tuberculosis in laboratory workers exposed to aerosols
created in processing sputum samples

A

M. Tuberculosis

68
Q

other infectious
agents that can be transmitted through inhalation of an
aerosol created during the processing or handling of
specimens (e.g., blood that may harbor these organisms)
or cultures of the organism

A

Brucella spp. and Francisella tularensis

69
Q

the most infectious fungus, can
infect several people in a room if culture plates on which
the organism is growing are not sealed with tape or are
open in the absence of a biosafety hood

A

coccidiodes immitis

70
Q

A common practice is to perform all specimen processing in a because of the
uncertainty regarding the infectious agents that
might be present in the sample.

A

biosafety cabinet

71
Q

what class of BSC uses an exhaust fan to move air inward through open front?

A

Class I

72
Q

what class is the most common in microbiology lab where air is pulled inward and downward by a blower and passed up through the air flow plenum

A

Class II

73
Q

what class is a self contained ventilated system for highly infectious microorganism or materials

A

Class III

74
Q

what biosafety level where infectious agents are classified that are not known to cause disease and pose minimal threat to lab personnel and environment?

A

biosafety level I

75
Q

Bacillus subtilis ,
Naegleria gruberi and Enterobacter aerogenes. What biosafety level?

A

biosafety level I

76
Q

what biosafety level where infectious agent that poses a
moderate potential hazard?

A

biosafety level II

77
Q

HBV, HIV,
Salmonella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii)
What biosafety level?

A

biosafety level II

78
Q

what biosafety level where Infectious agents that are either
indigenous or exotic. These agents have the potential for aerosol transmission, and diseases with
these agents may have serious lethal
consequences. Laboratory personnel must have specific training in handling these pathogenic and
potentially lethal organisms.

A

Biosafety level III

79
Q

M. tuberculosis,
St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetii.
What biosafety level?

A

biosafety level III

80
Q

what biosafety level where infectious agents that are
dangerous and exotic. These agents have a high risk of causing life-threatening infections, can be
transmitted by aerosols, or have an unknown risk of
transmission?

A

biosafety level IV

81
Q

Marburg virus and
Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever viruses.
What biosafety level?

A

Biosafety level IV

82
Q

are provided by the manufacturer or distributor for
hazardous chemicals.

A

SDS ( safety data sheet )

83
Q

chemical should be stored alphabetically. True or False?

A

False - it must be stored according to establish rules of compatibility

84
Q

must not be
stored with carbon dioxide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, or
water.

A

Alkali metals

85
Q

must never be stored together

A

acids and bases

86
Q

should never be stored
with oxidizing agents.

A

acetic acid and sulfuric acid

87
Q

are incompatible with ammonia, acetylene,
and hydrocarbons

A

Halogen

88
Q

are one of the most important
pieces of equipment for the protection of workers from
exposure to hazardous chemicals

A

Laboratory fume hoods

89
Q

are among
the biggest sources of fire hazards in the clinical
microbiology laboratory

A

bunsen burners and open flame burner

90
Q

Agents pose the greatest public health threat because they are easily transmitted and are
highly infectious

A

Category A

91
Q

Agents have moderate morbidity and low
mortality and are not as easily transmitted
as category A agents

A

Category B

92
Q

Agents are classified as emerging pathogens

A

Category C

BACTE 1 (6 decks)

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