Control lecture 6: Functional organisation of the cerebral cortex

Question 1

Is the central sulcus continuous with the lateral sulcus?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

What are the names of the sulci found within the temporal lobe?

Answer 2

Superior and inferior temporal sulci

Question 3

What are the names of the gyri found within the temporal lobe?

Answer 3

Superior, middle and inferior gyri.

Question 4

Where would you find the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 4

Superior temporal gyrus

Question 5

What sulcus lies perpendicular to the parieto-occipital sulcus within the occipital lobe?

Answer 5

The calcarine sulcus.

Question 6

What is the function of the gyri that lie either side of the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 6

Primary visual cortex.

Question 7

Where are the cingulate sulcus and gyrus?

Answer 7

Above the corpus callosum running in the same shape.

Question 8

What alternative name is given to the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 8

The limbic lobe

Question 9

Where is the parahippocampal gyrus?

Answer 9

Caudal to the diencephalon.

Question 10

What is the function of the hippocampus and where is it?

Answer 10

Memory.

Runs parallel to the parahippocampal gyrus deep within the temporal lobe.

Question 11

Where is the connection between the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus?

Answer 11

Posterior to the splenium of the corpus callosum - isthmus?

Question 12

What is the cingulum?

Answer 12

A tract of association fibres running from the frontal lobe, through the parietal, connecting to the occipital and ending at the uncus of the temporal lobe - all via the cingulate gyrus.

Question 13

What is the functional significance of the cingulum?

Answer 13

Transfers information from all lobes to the hippocampus - memory forming.

Question 14

Where is the primary gustatory projection area?

Answer 14

Inferior post-central gyrus

Question 15

Where is the primary olfactory projection area?

Answer 15

Uncus

Question 16

What is the difference in blood supply between the medial part of a hemisphere and the lateral part of a hemisphere?

Answer 16

Medial - ACA

Lateral - MCA

Question 17

Where would you find the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus and ventral posteromedial (VMP) nucleus.

Answer 17

Thalamus

Question 18

From where does the lateral VPL receive input?

Answer 18

Leg projects to midline.

Question 19

From where does the medial VPL receive input?

Answer 19

Arm projects to lateral region

Question 20

From where does the VMP receive input?

Answer 20

Face projects to lateral region

Question 21

What is the function of secondary (association) sensory areas?

Answer 21

Recieves input from primary sensory area. Involved in interpretation/understanding.

Question 22

What is the function of secondary (association) motor areas?

Answer 22

Sends output to primary motor area. Organises pattern of movement.

Question 23

Where is the secondary general sensory (somaesthetic) area?

Answer 23

Superior parietal lobe

Question 24

Where is the secondary visual area?

Answer 24

Pre-striate area

Question 25

Where is the secondary auditory area?

Answer 25

Lateral fissure/superior temporal gyri

Question 26

Where is the (secondary) premotor area?

Answer 26

Anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface

Question 27

Where is the (secondary) supplementary motor area?

Answer 27

Anterior to precentral sulcus on medial surface

Question 28

What does damage of secondary sensory areas lead to?

Answer 28

Disorders of understanding. Awareness of sensation still exists but significance of the sensation is lost.

Question 29

What does damage of secondary motor areas lead to?

Answer 29

Inability to carry out purposeful movements, although there is no paralysis.

Question 30

What are the functions of the parieto-temporal cortex?

Answer 30

- Integrates information of different modalities | - Involved in memory

Question 31

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 31

- Regulates moods and feelings | - Involved in higher order cognitive functions -conceptualisation, planning, judgement

Question 32

What is cerebral dominance?

Answer 32

The lateralisation of function - usually associated with handedness i.e. right handed people are left hemisphere dominant. Auditory association areas are found in the dominant hemisphere. The non-dominant hemisphere is usually associated with spatial awareness.

Question 33

What is Broca's area and what happens when it is damaged?

Answer 33

Anterior auditory association area - motor or expressive (production of speech). Damage results in expressive aphasia.

Question 34

What is Wernicke's area and what happens when it is damaged?

Answer 34

Posterior auditory association area - sensory or receptive (understanding of speech). Damage results in receptive aphasia.