Control lecture 1: Introduction to the human brain

Question 1

What is the name of the cleft separating the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 1

The great longitudinal fissure.

Question 2

Where would you find grey matter and white matter?

Answer 2

Grey matter lies on the surface of the brain, white matter is deep to this.

Question 3

What are the names of the folds and grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 3

Fold = gyrus (gyri) Groove = sulcus (sulci)

Question 4

What is the function of the sulci/gyri and what is their significance in humans?

Answer 4

Increase surface area of brain. Allow us to feel more complex emotions - only seen in humans.

Question 5

Which lobes are divided by the central sulcus?

Answer 5

Frontal from parietal.

Question 6

Which lobes are divided by the lateral sulcus?

Answer 6

Frontal/parietal from temporal.

Question 7

What is the name name of the gyrus anterior to the central sulcus and which cortex is found here?

Answer 7

The precentral gyrus.

Primary motor cortex - every single motor axon originates here.

Question 8

What is the name of the gyrus posterior to the central sulcus and what cortex is found here?

Answer 8

The postcentral gyrus.

The primary somatosensory cortex - recieves all sensory input.

Question 9

Which gyrus is found inferior to the lateral sulcus and what cortex is found here?

Answer 9

The superior temporal gyrus - the primary auditory cortex.

Question 10

What is the name of the sulcus the separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

Answer 10

The parieto-occipital sulcus.

Question 11

Which cortex is found at the most posterior aspect of the occipital lobe?

Answer 11

The primary visual cortex.

Question 12

Which sulcus runs diagonally across the medial surface of the occipital lobe?

Answer 12

Calcarine sulcus

Question 13

What are the divisions of the diencephalon?

Answer 13

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

Question 14

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 14

• Relay station between between brainstem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex.
• Also has roles in: memory, alertness, consciousness, perception and cognition

Question 15

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 15

Controls the ANS.

Controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual activity, circadian rhythms, blood pressure/HR (see also medulla oblongata) etc…

Question 16

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

Answer 16

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

Question 17

What primary brain vesicle does the forebrain develop from?

Answer 17

The prosencephalon.

Question 18

Which primary brain vesicle does the midbrain develop from?

Answer 18

The mesencephalon.

Question 19

Which primary brain vesicle does the hindbrain develop from?

Answer 19

Rhombencephalon.

Question 20

Describe the development of the cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 20

Prosencephalon -> telencephalon -> cerebral hemispheres

Question 21

Describe the development of the diencephalon.

Answer 21

Prosencephalon -> diencephalon -> diencephalon.

Question 22

Describe the development of the midbrain

Answer 22

Mesencephalon -> mesencephalon -> midbrain.

Question 23

Describe the development of the pons and cerebellum.

Answer 23

Rhombencephalon -> metaencephalon -> pons and cerebellum

Question 24

Describe the development of the medulla oblongata.

Answer 24

Rhomencephalon -> myelencephalon -> medulla oblongata

Question 25

Give a summary of CNS development.

Answer 25

1. Adult CNS from hollow neural tube. 2. Five swellings develop at rostral end. 3. Each forms a subdivision of adult brain. 4. Rest of tube forms spinal cord. Cavity of tube persists in different degrees of expansion throughout tube: Ventricles – expanded cavities within the brain Connecting channels – link ventricles Vestigial – central canal of spinal cord

Question 26

What are the features of the dura?

Answer 26

- Tough, fibrous membrane - Ensheathes brain like loose fitting bag - Two large reflections of dura extend into the cranial cavity between the cerebral hemispheres (falx cerebri), and cerebrum and cerebellum (tentorium cerebelli).

Question 27

What are the features of the arachnoid?

Answer 27

- Soft translucent membrane - Also surrounds the brain - Space between arachnoid and dura = subdural space (very small)

Question 28

What are the features of the pia?

Answer 28

–Microscopically thin, delicate membrane –Tightly adhered to the surface of the brain, following all cavities

Question 29

What is the subarachnoid space?

Answer 29

Space between the pia and arachnoid that contains CSF.

Question 30

What are the layers of the dura?

Answer 30

Periosteal (superficial) and meningeal (deep).

Question 31

At what points are the layers of the dura not fused together?

Answer 31

Dural venous sinuses and various infoldings.

Question 32

How does venous blood drain from the brain?

Answer 32

Into the dural sinuses and then the internal jugular vein.

Question 33

What is the function of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 33

Creates and stores CSF.

Question 34

What is the falx cerebri?

Answer 34

Infolding of the dura between the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 35

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 35

Dural infolding between occipital lobes and cerebellum.

Question 36

What is the falx cerebelli?

Answer 36

Dural infolding between the cerebellar hemispheres.

Question 37

What is the function of the dural infoldings?

Answer 37

Location of various venous sinuses. Recieve venous blood from the brain and drain into the jugular vein.

Question 38

What percentage of bodily oxygen is consumed by the brain?

Answer 38

20%.

Question 39

What are the two pairs of arteries that supply the brain?

Answer 39

The vertebral artery and the internal carotid.

Question 40

What is the origin of the vertebral artery?

Answer 40

The subclavian.

Question 41

Where does the verterbal artery enter the skull?

Answer 41

Via the foramen magnum.

Question 42

What is the origin of the internal carotid?

Answer 42

The common carotid.

Question 43

Where does the common carotid enter the skull?

Answer 43

The carotid canals.

Question 44

What are the three pairs of cerebellar arteries?

Answer 44

Posterior inferior cerebellar Anterior inferior cerebellar Superior cerebellar

Question 45

What are the three pairs of cerebral arteries?

Answer 45

Posterior cerebral Middle cerebral Anterior cerebral