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Yr 2 - Reproductive System > Contraception > Flashcards

Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

What is family planning?

A

Planning, provision and use of birth control

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2
Q

What is Marie Stopes?

A

Provides contraception and safe abortion

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3
Q

What is the UK MEC?

A

Used to choose safe contraception

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4
Q

What is category 1 in the UK MEC?

A

Can take every form of contraception

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5
Q

What is category 2?

A

When the advantages of using the method generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks

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6
Q

What is category 3?

A

Where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of the method.

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7
Q

What is category 4?

A

Represents an unacceptable health risk if method used

e.g. pill with history of blood clots

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8
Q

How do combined contraceptives work?

A

Suppress release of gonadotrophins which inhibits follicular development and prevents ovulation

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9
Q

How does progestogen in contraception help prevent ovulation/follicular development?

A
  1. Progestogen negative feedback decreases GnRH release
  2. This decreases FSH and LH
  3. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in oestradiol levels.
  4. Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of oestrogen positive feedback on LH release prevent a mid-cycle LH surge.

Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation.

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10
Q

What is mechanism of effect of oestrogen in combined contraceptive?

A
  • Stabilises the endometrium and reduces the incidence of breakthrough bleeding
  • Oestrogen negative feedback on the anterior pituitary greatly decreases the release of FSH, which inhibits follicular development and helps prevent ovulation.
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11
Q

How does progestogen in contraception prevent entry of sperm?

A

Decreasing amount of and increasing viscosity of cervical mucus (mucus plug)

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12
Q

Why can oral contraceptives increase blood clotting risk?

A

Oestrogen containing oral contraceptives increase the plasma concentration of clotting factors II, VII, X, XII, factor VIII, and fibrinogen

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13
Q

How does the Nuvraring combined ring work?

A

Vaginal ring is flexible and easy to insert and remove

The ring is worn for 3 weeks and discarded, and a new ring is inserted 1 week later (28 day cycle)

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14
Q

How does the use of the progesterone and combined pill differ?

A

Combined –> take for 21 days then 7 day break

Progesterone –> take for 28 days with no break, also tighter time frame

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15
Q

How does the progesterone only pill work?

A

Reduces endometrial receptivity (more than combined)

Suppresses ovulation (less than combined)

Can cause irregular bleeding

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16
Q

What are the progesterone only options?

A
  • Oral
  • Injection
  • Implant
  • IUS (coil)
17
Q

How long does IUS last?

A

5 years

18
Q

How does IUS work?

A

Progesterone effects (endometrial thinning and suppresses ovulation)

Reduces / stops period –> can be used to treat heavy periods

19
Q

What is IUD? How does it differ from IUS?

A

IUD releases copper

IUS releases hormones

20
Q

How does IUD work?

A

Copper prevents fertilisation by direct effect on sperm –> foreign body and causes endometrial changes

21
Q

How. long does IUD work?

A

5-10 years

22
Q

What are side effects of IUD?

A

Can cause heavy periods

23
Q

What is male/female sterilisation?

A

Vasectomy

Tubal occlusion / ligation

24
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Minor surgery to block sperm from reaching the semen that is ejaculated from the penis

Vas deferens are cut/tied/sealed

25
Q

What is tubal occlusion?

A

A small metal coil was inserted into the fallopian tubes (via a catheter through the uterus). The body would respond to the coils by scarring over them.

26
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

Fallopian tubes are closed

27
Q

How do emergency oral contraceptions work?

A

Delay ovulation through big dose of progesterone

28
Q

What are other non-contraceptive benefits of contraception?

A

Reduction in risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers.

  • 40% reduction.
  • Related to endometrial effects and suppression of gonadotropins.

Decrease benign breast disease (fibrocystic and fibroadenoma).

Reduces iron-deficiency anaemia.

Treats pelvic pain caused by endometriosis.

29
Q

What are risks of contraception?

A

Failure (Ectopic pregnancy)

Inconvenience.

Increased risk of clots / heart disease / stroke.

Pain during operative sterilisation / indwelling devices.

Yr 2 - Reproductive System (30 decks)

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