Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCHOLOGY DEGREE > CONTEMP PSYCHOLGY WEEK 2 > Flashcards

CONTEMP PSYCHOLGY WEEK 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what are the key themes for biological approaches?

A
  • focuses on brain,neurotransmitters, genes
  • behaviour analysed in underlying structure and function (structuralist)
  • relationship between enviro and organism ( functionalist)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

THE BODY AS A MACHINE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Rene Descartes view on this?

A
  • mind/body dualism
  • body is machine
  • soul/mind is separate from the body
  • mind and body interact through pineal gland
  • intro the concept of automatic stimulus-response actions i.e. reflex actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what was the brainless reflex?

A

Robert whytt - studied reflex actions
- showed decapitated frogs show reflexes therefore brain is not required
distinguished between voluntary and involuntary actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

briefly state the bell-magendie law?

A
  • basic arrangement of the nervous system
  • nerve function is based on electrical activity
    connections between nerves from the mechanisms of simple reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

briefly state of the law of specific energies?

A
  • the sensation experienced following stimulation of a sensory nerve doe snot depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense- organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who was Helmholtz?

A
  • leading authority on sensory systems in the 19th century
  • contributions leaded ; measuring the speed of neural impulses
  • vision
    hearing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where did reflexes lead to?

A

conditioning - behaviourism - learning theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where did nerve conduction lead to?

A

reaction time - cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where did the senses lead to?

A
  • physiological psychology - perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

THE BRAIN AS A MACHINE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WHO WAS Wadeyer Hartz?

A
  • proposed that the nervous system is made of individual and discrete cells
  • neurone ;describe individual c cells
    = Neurone Doctrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do we know brain are made up of cells?

A
  • A man names Golgi who developed a stain for brain tissue
  • he produced the first cllear pictured of neurons supporting the Neurone Doctrine which proposed the ‘NERVE NETWORK THEORY’- the brain works that these nerves are designed in such a way to communication- function by structure
  • Golgi had the idea that nerves were connected a big nerve network
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why and who rejected Golgi’s nerve network theory?

A
  • Cajal rejected Golgis nerve network theory
  • he claimed that there is a gap between neurons as they don’t touch so they cannot be a network
  • yet both shared the prize for medicine 1906 for contradictory thoughts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what was the discovery of the synapse?

A
  • cajal was right
  • as deomstrated by Sherrington - who worked on relex actions in ‘spinal Dogs’ thta found evidence that contradicted the ‘nerve network theory’
    as: reaction time was too slow : so if stimulated the response was slow
  • temporal summation: if you stimulate spinal cord with small signal not enough to elicit a reflex action not sufficient, so need more
  • spatial summation: so if stimulated in different location each would not be sufficient if enough area of location then enough reflex
  • gap= synapse- chemical change for electrical messages
    = lead to the existence of neurotransmitters.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where did neurones lead to?

A
  • synapses- neurotransmitters- function of neurotransmitter systems - pharmacological treatment for psychological disorders
17
Q

DAMAGED BRAIN DAMAGED MIND

A
18
Q

What is the brain?

A
  • organ of the mind
  • by FRanz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
  • he advocated that brain composed of faculties (cog and emotional)
  • the larger the brain area the greater ability
  • the surface of the scalp reflects the surface of the brain.
  • BUT size does not relate to function
  • scalp surface does not relate to brain surface
19
Q

who was Jean PIERRE FLOURENS and what did he do?

A
  • rejected phrenology
  • used the method of ablation- if the brain region X has function Y ablating X will stop Y
  • one fact of phreneology is that the cerrebellum controls sexual behaviour
    HOWEVER - flourens found that removing the cerebellum affects motor coordination but not sexual behaviour
  • therefore cerebellum cannot be the faculty of amativeness
20
Q

Explain one function the different parts of the brain and by who?

A
  • ‘The speech centre’
  • By Paul-Broca (1861) reported the first strong evidence of functional localisation of language in the brain
  • as his patient TAn could not speak could understand expressive aphasia
  • and when he died at post mortem Tan was found to have a large left-frontal lesion
    = speech centre=Broca’s area.
20
Q

Explain one function the different parts of the brain and by who?

A
  • ‘The speech centre’
  • By Paul-Broca (1861) reported the first strong evidence of functional localisation of language in the brain
  • as his patient TAn could not speak could understand expressive aphasia
  • and when he died at post mortem Tan was found to have a large left-frontal lesion
    = speech centre=Broca’s area.
21
Q

who discovered ‘The comprehension centre’ and what was it?

A
  • Carl Wernicke (1874)
  • multiple examples called vertigo studies
  • did this on the area on this junction between the temporal and parietal cortex = wernicke’s area
  • receptive aphasia = cannot understand caused by lesions of the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus
22
Q

How does aphasia work?

A

auditory info come in Wernicke’s area understand it where concepts are elaborate formulate ideas cognition to words and produce speech output

23
Q

what is the Wernicke-lichtheim model?

A
  • functional model based on clinical observation and a priori reasoning
  • explain 5 types of aphasia : Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, Sensory transcortical aphasia, Motor Transcortical Aphasia and conduction Aphasia
    = Conduction Aphasia was predicted on the basis of this model before any clinical cases had been reported.
24
Q

Describe the study of Phineas gage? (1823-1860)

A
  • tamping rod made of metal aparked set of gunpowder and forced the rod through the front of his face through the back ,frontal lobe =massive damage but survived.
    = consequence he had a personality change and character
25
Q

where did the Wernicke -Lichtheim model lead to?

A
  • modern cognitive psychology

- Clinical neuropsychology

26
Q

where are memories stored?

A
  • stored in specific locations-engrams
27
Q

what were the two laws and their definition?

A
  • law of mass action: the efficiency of learning is a function of the intact mass of the cortex, more tissue,more learning
  • equipotentiality: all parts of the cortex are essentially equal to another in terms of its contribution to learning.
28
Q

what did Lorber (1980) do ?

A
  • documented over 600 scans of people with hydrocephalus

- found pressure had been controlled and had ventricles

29
Q

Describe wilder Penfield and cortical stimulation?

A
  • involved in epilepsy
  • Penfield electrically stimulated the cortex of patients undergoing surgery for focal epilepsy
  • patients were awake and reported their experiences
  • more than 1000 =all areas covered all cortex
  • memories were reported only during stimulation of the temporal lobes
    = memories stored in the temporal lobe
30
Q

where did localisation of function ?

A
  • lead to modern mapping( PET/FMRI/MEG)
31
Q

what is PET?

A
  • PET study of single word processing
  • based on the idea amount of oxygen used = doing a task
  • used subtraction method
32
Q

What is EEG used for

A
  • epilepsy
  • sleep disorders
  • brain death
  • apply visual stimulus and auditory stimulus
33
Q

what is EEG?

A
  • A technique which measures local field potentials which are commonly referred to as brain waves
  • these brain waves change depending on the mental state of the participant
  • conditions such as epilepsy change brains waves and these can be localised using EEG.
34
Q

what are EEG structural uses?

A

strucutral imaging= high resolution
- morphological research

Functional imaging 
- non-invasive 
- basic neuroscience research 
- some clinical applications
primate replacements
35
Q

MEG VS EEG

A
  • MEG ; better spatial resolution
  • magnetic fields not affected by a cap and the presence of the skull
  • more sensitive to superficial cortical activity
    HOWEVER
  • expensive
  • not widely available
  • does not get signal from cortical gyri
36
Q

what is MRI ?

A
  • non invasive
  • uses radiofrequency waves in the presence of a large magnetic field
  • MRI probes water molecules in different wats to produce images
37
Q

what is an advantage of FMRI?

A
  • can be used to pinpoint active regions of the brain under controlled conditions

PSYCHOLOGY DEGREE (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions