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PSYCHOLOGY DEGREE > CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY week 4 AFFECTIVE DISORDERS > Flashcards

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY week 4 AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is depression?

A

depression is often used as a synonym for sadness but it is associated with anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure)

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2
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A

miserable, hopeless, dejection , discouraged often tearful

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3
Q

what are the motivational aspects of depression?

A

lack of interest ,
lack of initiative
anhedonia

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4
Q

behavioural aspects of depression?

A

slowed response
inacitivity
fatigue
characteristic postures

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5
Q

what are the physical aspects of depression?

A

insomnia
hyperinsomia
loss of appetite
loss of sex drive

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6
Q

what are the cognitive aspects of depression?

A

negative thoughts
pessisimism
hopelessness
guilt, shame and worthlessness

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7
Q

what is mania ?

A

a psychological condition that causes a person to experience unreasonable euphoria, very intense moods, hyperactivity, and delusions. Mania (or manic episodes) is a common symptom of bipolar disorder.

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of mania?

A 
feelings of invincibility 
boundless energy 
complete loss of inhibitions
incessant speech- changing topic rapidly and unpredictably. 
racing thoughts.
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9
Q

what is hypomania?

A

a condition in which you display a revved up energy or activity level, mood or behavior.

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of hypomania?

A 
extreme happy 
talkative 
self confident 
charming 
energetic
full of ideas 
easily irritated 
impaired ability to concentrate
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11
Q

As mania progresses what might individuals progress?

A 
delusions 
confusions 
anxiety 
anger 
psychosis
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12
Q

According to the DSM-V which 5 need to be present to have major depression?

A
  • depressed mood
  • loss of interest
  • change in weight
  • insomnia or excessive sleep
  • increase or decrease in physical movement
  • fatigue or lack of energy
  • feelings of worthlessness
  • lack of concentration or indecisiveness
  • suicidal thoughts
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13
Q

what are the DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder?

A
  • Presence of at least one major depressive episode
  • without previous manic or hypermanic episode
  • symptoms must cause significant distress and or impairment of social, occupational or other functioning
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14
Q

what is dysthymia?

A

depressive symptoms that don’t meet the dysognitics for a major depressive episode but a persistent depressive disorder

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15
Q

what are the symptoms for dysthymia?

A
  • Poor appetite or overeating
  • lack of or excessive sleeping
  • fatigue
  • low self esteem
    poor concentration or decision making
    feelings of hopelessness
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16
Q

how common is major depression and dysthermia?

A
  • The world health organisation estimated that around 350 mill people worldwidew will experience major depressive disorder
  • cross cultural lifetime prevalence rates 8-18%
  • twice as common in females than males
  • 60% of people with MDD also meet criteria for anxiety disorder.
17
Q

what are the consequences of major depression?

A

distrupts occupational?educational functioning ( lack of energy to study

18
Q

what are the consequences of major depression?

A
  • disrupts occupational?educational functioning ( lack of energy to study
  • problem in maintaining social relationships (angry, egocentric)
  • impairments in cognitive function
  • depression ranked by WHO as a single largest contributor to global disability (7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015)
19
Q

what are the links between depressions and deaths?

A
  • office for national statistic - suicide rate in the uk in 2018 wwas 11.3 /100,000
  • women more likey to attemot suidide - males commit three quarters of suicide
  • 17.2 vs 5.4 - cry for help vs annihilation
  • risk in higher depression (5-7%)
20
Q

what are the genetic factors in depression?

A
  • evidence from twin studies suggest a moderate heritability of depression
  • single nucleotide polymorphisms - can pinpoint vulnerability to particular conditions
  • evidence depression is heritability of 12-14% and shows overlap with anxiety
  • clark et al (2010)- heritability might be related to the serotonin transporter gene
21
Q

What are the biological explanations (2) for depression?

A
  • monoamine hypothesis proposes that depression is caused by changes in levels of neurotransmitters called the monoamines
  • a monoamine antagonist (Reserpine) is used to treat high blood pressure causes depression like symptoms
22
Q

what are the links between serotonin and depression?

A
  • serotonin involved in the regulation of mood, appetite and sleep
  • cognitive functions in learning
23
Q

what are the links between noradrenaline and depression?

A
  • an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in attention and motor responses
  • ## low levels of NA in depression result is poor memory and alertness
24
Q

what are the links between dopamine and depression ?

A
  • dopamine involved in brains reward system
  • low levels of DA mean that behaviour wont be pleasurable which leads to lack of motivation, energy, lethargic which are symptoms of depression.
25
Q

what are the changes in brain structure and function in depression?

A
  • reduced activity in the in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex which explains executive dysfunction ( concentraion)and impaired initiation of behaviour (plan or goal)
  • reduced activity in dorsal (cognitive) of the ACC and increased activity int he ventral (affective) region which is linked to depressive mood.
  • amygdala - prioritises processing of affectively relevant stimuli might explain negative biases in the world = high levels of activity of amygdala reported in depression.
  • reduced hippocampus (involved memory) volume , change in the hippocampus means a person is feeling sad without context as memory and affect link is broken
26
Q

whats another biological aspect of depression?

A

hormones and depression

  • cortisol a hormone released in response to stress
  • individuals with depression = higher waking cortisol when they wake up
  • stressful life events are risk factors
  • cortisol might have an affect of serotonin receptors.
27
Q

what is the psychodynamic theory of depression?

A

displacement = as anger on the world turns to individual they then angry at their self = self blame etc

28
Q

what is the learned explanation of depression?

A
  • by martin seligman
    -learned helplessness
  • dog in a box , box has two sides with barrier in between, the electrify is floor dog jumps by the side to avoid the adverse experience of being electrocuted
    seligmen showed if you then electrify that floor where the dog jumped then they cannot escape the adverse effects
  • wont try to escape but present human like depression.
  • nothing they do wont = positive outcome thus they don’t do anything = helplessness
29
Q

what are the criticisms of the learned helplessness model?

A
  • might argue that as we cannot know what dog are thinking cannot apply this process to human
  • not everyone who experiences helplessness will go onto develop depression = not a complete model
30
Q

what is the cognitive aspect of depression?

A

Becks schema theory - the self the world and the future - negative schema - the schema work to filter out positive elements

31
Q

what is biopolar disorder?

A

unusual and continual elevated unreserved or irritable mood and unusual and continual increase in energy lasting at least a week

32
Q

what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

A
  • inflated self esteem
  • less need for sleep
  • increased talkativeness
  • racing thoughts
  • easily distractible
  • increase goal directed activity or purposeless motions
33
Q

how common is bipolar disorder?

A
  • 1.4 mill people in the UK have bipolar disorder
    1% of pop will be diagnosed as suffering from bipolar depression
    -cross cultureal 12 month prevalence
  • often occurs in both sexes
  • men =manic episode and comorbid drug abuse
    women=major depressive episode
34
Q

what are the consequences of bipolar disorder?

A
  • loss of social and occupational functioning
  • impulsive behaviour = risks, accidents money problems etc
  • high levels of drugs and alcohol
  • rate of suicide increases (6-10%)
35
Q

what are the genetic factors in bipolar disorder?

A
  • BPD increases if hereditary
  • kelso(2003) = greater concordance for MZ twins than DZ twins (.69 and .29) - genes important in the development of BPD
  • enviromental and social factors likely to play a significant role in the development of BPD
36
Q

what happens to the brain function when having BPD?

A

chen et al (2011)- a neurological model for BPD based on two emotion processing systems
- The ventral system (amygdala,insula,ventral stritatum.ventral anterior and prefrontal cortex ) regulates emotional perception
- the dorsal system (hippocampus, dorsal anterior , other parts of prefrontal cortex) responsible for emotional regulation.
BPD= high levels in ventral system and low levels activity in the dorsal system

37
Q

what are the dysfunctional attitudes in BPD?

A
  • evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have low levels of dysfunctional attitudes than other clinical groups
  • scott et al (2000) showed BPD= MDD in dysfunctional attitudes but those BPD have higher levels of ‘perfectionism’ and need for approval’
  • lam et al (2004) showed in BPD dysfunctional attitudes about goal attainment
  • batmaz et al showed BPD dysfunctional attitudes need for approval ,both depressed groups controls on perfectionism.

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