CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY week 4 AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Question 1

what is depression?

Answer 1

depression is often used as a synonym for sadness but it is associated with anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure)

Question 2

what are the emotional characteristics of depression?

Answer 2

miserable, hopeless, dejection , discouraged often tearful

Question 3

what are the motivational aspects of depression?

Answer 3

lack of interest ,
lack of initiative
anhedonia

Question 4

behavioural aspects of depression?

Answer 4

slowed response
inacitivity
fatigue
characteristic postures

Question 5

what are the physical aspects of depression?

Answer 5

insomnia
hyperinsomia
loss of appetite
loss of sex drive

Question 6

what are the cognitive aspects of depression?

Answer 6

negative thoughts
pessisimism
hopelessness
guilt, shame and worthlessness

Question 7

what is mania ?

Answer 7

a psychological condition that causes a person to experience unreasonable euphoria, very intense moods, hyperactivity, and delusions. Mania (or manic episodes) is a common symptom of bipolar disorder.

Question 8

what are the symptoms of mania?

Answer 8

feelings of invincibility 
boundless energy 
complete loss of inhibitions
incessant speech- changing topic rapidly and unpredictably. 
racing thoughts.

Question 9

what is hypomania?

Answer 9

a condition in which you display a revved up energy or activity level, mood or behavior.

Question 10

what are the symptoms of hypomania?

Answer 10

extreme happy 
talkative 
self confident 
charming 
energetic
full of ideas 
easily irritated 
impaired ability to concentrate

Question 11

As mania progresses what might individuals progress?

Answer 11

delusions 
confusions 
anxiety 
anger 
psychosis

Question 12

According to the DSM-V which 5 need to be present to have major depression?

Answer 12

• depressed mood
• loss of interest
• change in weight
• insomnia or excessive sleep
• increase or decrease in physical movement
• fatigue or lack of energy
• feelings of worthlessness
• lack of concentration or indecisiveness
• suicidal thoughts

Question 13

what are the DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder?

Answer 13

• Presence of at least one major depressive episode
• without previous manic or hypermanic episode
• symptoms must cause significant distress and or impairment of social, occupational or other functioning

Question 14

what is dysthymia?

Answer 14

depressive symptoms that don’t meet the dysognitics for a major depressive episode but a persistent depressive disorder

Question 15

what are the symptoms for dysthymia?

Answer 15

• Poor appetite or overeating
• lack of or excessive sleeping
• fatigue
• low self esteem
  poor concentration or decision making
  feelings of hopelessness

Question 16

how common is major depression and dysthermia?

Answer 16

• The world health organisation estimated that around 350 mill people worldwidew will experience major depressive disorder
• cross cultural lifetime prevalence rates 8-18%
• twice as common in females than males
• 60% of people with MDD also meet criteria for anxiety disorder.

Question 17

what are the consequences of major depression?

Answer 17

distrupts occupational?educational functioning ( lack of energy to study

Question 18

what are the consequences of major depression?

Answer 18

• disrupts occupational?educational functioning ( lack of energy to study
• problem in maintaining social relationships (angry, egocentric)
• impairments in cognitive function
• depression ranked by WHO as a single largest contributor to global disability (7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015)

Question 19

what are the links between depressions and deaths?

Answer 19

• office for national statistic - suicide rate in the uk in 2018 wwas 11.3 /100,000
• women more likey to attemot suidide - males commit three quarters of suicide
• 17.2 vs 5.4 - cry for help vs annihilation
• risk in higher depression (5-7%)

Question 20

what are the genetic factors in depression?

Answer 20

• evidence from twin studies suggest a moderate heritability of depression
• single nucleotide polymorphisms - can pinpoint vulnerability to particular conditions
• evidence depression is heritability of 12-14% and shows overlap with anxiety
• clark et al (2010)- heritability might be related to the serotonin transporter gene

Question 21

What are the biological explanations (2) for depression?

Answer 21

• monoamine hypothesis proposes that depression is caused by changes in levels of neurotransmitters called the monoamines
• a monoamine antagonist (Reserpine) is used to treat high blood pressure causes depression like symptoms

Question 22

what are the links between serotonin and depression?

Answer 22

• serotonin involved in the regulation of mood, appetite and sleep
• cognitive functions in learning

Question 23

what are the links between noradrenaline and depression?

Answer 23

• an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in attention and motor responses
• ## low levels of NA in depression result is poor memory and alertness

Question 24

what are the links between dopamine and depression ?

Answer 24

• dopamine involved in brains reward system
• low levels of DA mean that behaviour wont be pleasurable which leads to lack of motivation, energy, lethargic which are symptoms of depression.

Question 25

what are the changes in brain structure and function in depression?

Answer 25

- reduced activity in the in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex which explains executive dysfunction ( concentraion)and impaired initiation of behaviour (plan or goal) - reduced activity in dorsal (cognitive) of the ACC and increased activity int he ventral (affective) region which is linked to depressive mood. - amygdala - prioritises processing of affectively relevant stimuli might explain negative biases in the world = high levels of activity of amygdala reported in depression. - reduced hippocampus (involved memory) volume , change in the hippocampus means a person is feeling sad without context as memory and affect link is broken

Question 26

whats another biological aspect of depression?

Answer 26

hormones and depression - cortisol a hormone released in response to stress - individuals with depression = higher waking cortisol when they wake up - stressful life events are risk factors - cortisol might have an affect of serotonin receptors.

Question 27

what is the psychodynamic theory of depression?

Answer 27

displacement = as anger on the world turns to individual they then angry at their self = self blame etc

Question 28

what is the learned explanation of depression?

Answer 28

- by martin seligman -learned helplessness - dog in a box , box has two sides with barrier in between, the electrify is floor dog jumps by the side to avoid the adverse experience of being electrocuted seligmen showed if you then electrify that floor where the dog jumped then they cannot escape the adverse effects - wont try to escape but present human like depression. - nothing they do wont = positive outcome thus they don't do anything = helplessness

Question 29

what are the criticisms of the learned helplessness model?

Answer 29

- might argue that as we cannot know what dog are thinking cannot apply this process to human - not everyone who experiences helplessness will go onto develop depression = not a complete model

Question 30

what is the cognitive aspect of depression?

Answer 30

Becks schema theory - the self the world and the future - negative schema - the schema work to filter out positive elements

Question 31

what is biopolar disorder?

Answer 31

unusual and continual elevated unreserved or irritable mood and unusual and continual increase in energy lasting at least a week

Question 32

what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer 32

- inflated self esteem - less need for sleep - increased talkativeness - racing thoughts - easily distractible - increase goal directed activity or purposeless motions

Question 33

how common is bipolar disorder?

Answer 33

- 1.4 mill people in the UK have bipolar disorder 1% of pop will be diagnosed as suffering from bipolar depression -cross cultureal 12 month prevalence - often occurs in both sexes - men =manic episode and comorbid drug abuse women=major depressive episode

Question 34

what are the consequences of bipolar disorder?

Answer 34

- loss of social and occupational functioning - impulsive behaviour = risks, accidents money problems etc - high levels of drugs and alcohol - rate of suicide increases (6-10%)

Question 35

what are the genetic factors in bipolar disorder?

Answer 35

- BPD increases if hereditary - kelso(2003) = greater concordance for MZ twins than DZ twins (.69 and .29) - genes important in the development of BPD - enviromental and social factors likely to play a significant role in the development of BPD

Question 36

what happens to the brain function when having BPD?

Answer 36

chen et al (2011)- a neurological model for BPD based on two emotion processing systems - The ventral system (amygdala,insula,ventral stritatum.ventral anterior and prefrontal cortex ) regulates emotional perception - the dorsal system (hippocampus, dorsal anterior , other parts of prefrontal cortex) responsible for emotional regulation. BPD= high levels in ventral system and low levels activity in the dorsal system

Question 37

what are the dysfunctional attitudes in BPD?

Answer 37

- evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have low levels of dysfunctional attitudes than other clinical groups - scott et al (2000) showed BPD= MDD in dysfunctional attitudes but those BPD have higher levels of 'perfectionism' and need for approval' - lam et al (2004) showed in BPD dysfunctional attitudes about goal attainment - batmaz et al showed BPD dysfunctional attitudes need for approval ,both depressed groups controls on perfectionism.