Construction Technology (Master) Flashcards

Question

What can be determinated by a ground investigation?

Answer 1

* Detailed information about soil and ground samples * Water table level * Contaminations * Obstructions (e.g old foundation) * archaeological fundings

Answer 2

* General project information’s * Project descriptions and scope of works including drawing * Site investigation methodology and locations (percussion boring, rotary drilling, trenches, PAS 128 Survey, Drainage CCTV survey, Archaeological) including detailed information of sampling methods * Percussion boring and rotary drilling log (depth of the borehole, detailed progress with dates ad hole depth), strata information with soil description, samples and tests. * Description of Archaeological desk top study – analysis of previous site uses, * Photographs * PAS 128 results in form of map with marked up utility services. * Laboratory tests results

Answer 3

A CCTV drainage survey is a process for examining the condition of drainage systems remotely with a camera system that records video footage and captures other useful data

Answer 4

British Standards Institution (BSI) PAS 128 is the current specification for underground utility detection, verification and location For level of investigation include: * Level A - Instrusive inspection * Level B - Detection using GPR and other geophisical techniques. * Level C - Validation of existing record * Level D - Desktop locating services

Answer 5

* On site visit and visual assessment of location of the boreholes * Analysis of weekly ground investigation report where completed works were analysed by geotechnical engender * Analysis of contractor site diary and progress made. * The measurement included within CE for this work was based on UK Specification for Ground Investigation published by ICE (Institution of Civil Engineering) and in line with Section Class B therefore my assessment was based of the depth of the borehole in addition to time related assessment of the time spend by the team * I measured each element based on time and work progress. * I issued my assessment to the PM for their comment * I advised the Client on costs associated with work completed and included the calculation when issuing the Payment Notice with basis of my afp assessment.

Answer 6

* Quality – diverse façade improved quality of the design as different styles was incorporated (e.g pre-cast concrete and glazing wall) * Cost – implementation of different facade treatment allowed to incorporate cheaper type of façade (aluminium rainscreen) to clad utility areas of the building which are less visible to the public. * Time – incorporation of pre-cast concrete panel façade had positive programme implications as they were made off site.

Answer 7

* Percussion boring is method of ground investigation, where percussion drill repeatedly raises and drops a large hammer bit onto hollow tube. * The hollow tube then accumulate soil for sampling. Then the sample hollow tube is lifted by the cabling system and the sample is being tested * A single day drilling can excavate up to 15m (typically 7-15m) * Standard penetrometer test (SPT) and vane test can be carried out in the borehole as the drilling and excavation process progress.

Answer 8

* Rotary drilling uses a sharp rotating drill rig and downward pressure to cut through the surface. * The drill bit/auger is then removed to allow for sampling (hollow tube is placed in the hole). * The hollow tube is then twisted into the ground to collect the sample. * The process is repeated gain at different ground level if any further testing is required.

Answer 9

* Trenches or Trial pits is an excavation of an area of ground in order to study or sample the composition and structure of subsurface. * use to determine the geology and the water table of the ground.

Answer 10

* Moisture content * pH value test - is done to see how acidic or alkaline your soil is * Permeability testing * Contamination testing * CBR test (California Bearing test) - The CBR test is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with a plunger of standard area.

Answer 11

A building is listed when it is of special architectural or historic interest considered to be of national importance and therefore worth protecting.

Answer 12

* Grade I: This means the property is of ‘exceptional interest’. Only around 2.5% of listed buildings are Grade 1 listed. * Grade II\*: This means the property is important and considered of more than special interest. Around 5.8% of listed buildings fall into this category. * Grade II: This means the building is of special interest. The vast majority of listed buildings (around 92%) fall into this category.

Answer 13

* You will need our consent to demolish a listed building and for any alteration or extension which would affect its character as a building of architectural or historic interest. * The need for listed building consent is different from planning permission but the process is very similar. * It is a criminal offence not to seek consent when it is require * An application for listed building consent is made to, and determined by, the local planning authority

Answer 14

Rainscreen cladding work by creating a ventilated cavity zone/gap between the reveres of the cladding panel and the outer face of the building, This enables constant air circulation, forcing any moisture that penetrates the joints of the cladding panels out, before it reaches the building structure. In addition, the waterproof membrane is normally installed into the backing wall to increase the water resistance.

Answer 15

* Drained and ventilated rainscreen cladding systems allow any penetrating moisture to drain or evaporate and vent to the outside. * Pressure-equalised (PE) rainscreen cladding systems allow the movement of air between the inside and outside of the rainscreen. This equalises the pressure across the rainscreen so that water is not driven, or sucked through the joints.

Answer 16

**0. Strategic Definition** – confirmation of Client’s Requirement **1. Preparation and Brief** – Project Brief is approved by the Client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on site **2. Concept Design** – Architectural Concept approved by the Client and aligned to the Project Brief **3. Spatial Coordination** – Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated. **4. Technical Design** – all designed information required to manufacture and construct the project completed **5. Manufacturing and Construction** – manufacturing, construction and commissioning completed **6. Handover** – building handed over, aftercare initiated, and Building Contract concluded **7. Use** – building used, operated and maintained effectively.

Answer 17

* Some stages re-named (Stage 1 was Preparation and Brief but has been renamed Preparation and Brie**fing**; Stage 3 was Developed Design – it’s now Spatial Coordination; Stage 5 was Construction and is now Manufacturing and Construction; Stage 6 was Handover and Close Out and is now just Handover; and Stage 7 was gone from In Use to Use. * Stage 5’s new name reflects the increasing popularity of modular and prefabricated construction. * The importance of sustainability is highlighted - For the first time the RIBA Plan of Work includes a Sustainability Project Strategy * and different approaches to the timing of planning applications and procurement.

Answer 18

``` The ACM (aluminium composite material) rainscreen cladding fitted retrospectively to the original concrete facade had a gap between which allowed a chimney effect for the fire to spread. The celotex insulation and cladding were both found to be flammable. ```

Answer 19

The Royal Institute of British Architects

Answer 20

The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, constructing and operating building projects into eight stages and explains the stage outcomes, core tasks and information exchanges required at each stage.

Answer 21

* **The BIM Task Group Digital Plan of Work** (0- Strategy, 1- Brief, 2- Concept, 3-Definition, 4-Design, 5- Build and commission, 6- Handover and close out, 7- Operation and end of life) * **The Construction Industry Council (CIC)** – Stage 1 – Preparation, Stage 2 – Concept, Stage 3- Design Development, 4 – Production Information, Stage 5 - Manufacture, Installation & Construction Information, Stage 6 – Post Practical Completion * **The Construction Playbook**: Preparation and planning, Publication. Selection. Evaluation and award. Contract implementation.

Answer 22

Stage 0 – Strategic Definition is about determining the best methods of achieving the client’s requirements. Strategic in nature, defining the Business Case and Client Requirements.

Answer 23

Stage 1 (Preparation and Briefing )is about developing the detail of the brief and making sure that everything needed for the design process is in place before Stage 2. This includes ensuring that the brief can be accommodated on the site. * Feasibility Studies

Answer 24

Stage 2 (Concept Design) is about getting the design concept right and making sure that the look and feel of the building is proceeding in line with the client’s vision, brief and budget.

Answer 25

The purpose of Stage 3 (Spatial Coordination)is to spatially coordinate the design. * Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification * Initiate Change Control Procedures * Prepare stage Design Programme

Answer 26

During Stage 4 (Technical Design) stage - All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed * Develop architectural and engineering technical design * Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information * Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information * Prepare stage Design Programme

Answer 27

Stage 5 is Manufacturing and Construction where all on-site works are being completed. * Finalise Site Logistics * Manufacture Building Systems and construct a building * Monitor progress against Construction Programme * Inspect Construction Quality * Resolve Site Queries as required * Undertake Commissioning of building * Prepare Building Manual

Answer 28

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded. * Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy * Undertake review of Project Performance * Undertake seasonal Commissioning * Rectify defects * Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Answer 29

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently * Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management * Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use * Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Answer 30

Tow main methods of transferring the load depending o the piles' type: **End-bearing piles** – the bottom of the pile rest on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer; this pile act as a column. **Friction (or floating**) – the pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full heigh of the pile, by friction; the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the forces to the soil.

Answer 31

* Dead loads refer to the structure's self-weight and generally remain constant during the structure's life. * Live loads, such as traffic loads may vary.

Answer 32

Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those that remain relatively constant over time and comprise, for example, the weight of a building's structural elements, such as beams, walls, roof and structural flooring components

Answer 33

* based on material: steel, concrete and timber * based on transfer load: End bearing piles, fraction piles and combined * based on the method of installation: driven piles, driven cast in-situ piles, screw piles, secant pile

Answer 34

**End-bearing piles** – the bottom of the pile rest on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer; this pile act as a column. The pile transmits the load to the surrounding soil by adhesion or friction between the surface of the pile and the soil. In this case, the whole surface of the pile works to transfer the load to the soil.

Answer 35

Friction (or floating) – the pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile, by friction; the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the forces to the soil.

Answer 36

Driven piles, also known as displacement piles A driven pile is a long, slender column made of steel, precast concrete, timber or composite and having a predetermined shape and size that can be installed by impact hammering, vibrating or pushing it into the ground to a design depth or resistance.

Answer 37

A pile hammer is used to drive piles into the ground and that can be installed by impact hammering, vibrating or pushing it into the ground

Answer 38

Advantages: * Time and material efficiency – piles can be prefabricated off-site * A wide variant of material available so flexible in terms of shape * Great structural strength to other forms of foundation * Installation usually produces little spoil for removal and disposal. Disadvantages: * planning is required for handling and driving * Heavy equipment on site * Not be suitable where the ground has poor drainage qualities. * may not be suitable for compact sites, where other foundations nearby * Noisy to install and vibration

Answer 39

Driven cast in-situ (DCIS) piles are constructed by driving a closed-ended hollow steel or concrete casing into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

Answer 40

Driven cast in-situ (DCIS) piles are constructed by driving a closed-ended thick-walled steel casing into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

Answer 41

Advantages * Flexibility - Piles of any size and length may be constructed at the site. * Easy to transport * Familiarity – common to use on construction sites and no serious skilled required * Noise and vibration are minimal with little impact on neighbouring properties Disadvantages * careful supervision and on-site quality control required * storage for materials on-site needed * It can take more time to form a cast-in-situ pile * There are large amounts of spoil to be removed from the site.

Answer 42

* Screw piles are a steel screw-in piling and ground anchoring system used for building deep foundations * can be installed quickly with minimal noise and vibration. * Screw piles are wound into the ground, much like a screw is wound into wood. Screw piles cut into the soil following a constant pitch, as opposed to auguring through it.

Answer 43

* Secant piles are formed by constructing reinforcement concrete piles that interlock. * Typically primary (female) piles are cast in leaving space between them. this is followed by secondary(male) piles being cut into the primary piles to form a continuous wall (with a typical interlock of 150 mm) * normally reinforced with steel rebar or steel beams.

Answer 44

Cement, aggregate, water

Answer 45

* Concrete - concrete frames can be pre-cast off site under factory condition or cast in situ prepared framework * Steel – steel frames are fabricated off site before being brought to the site and erected there * Timber – timber frames are fabricated off sire using solid sections or are panelised

Answer 46

A line of non-interlinked piles in a sequence

Answer 47

**Steel** Advantages: - Quicker to construct - Recyclable - Strong tensile strength Disadvantages - More volatile pricing - Low compression strength - Low sound/fire resistance **Concrete** Advantages - High compression strength - Good noise resistance - Good fire protection - more flexible in shape Disadvantages -Slower to construct - Need for reinforcement - High embodied carbon - Not as square and flat as steel

Answer 48

Stick system - assembled on site with each glazed element put together from either inside or outside, depending on accessibility. Unitised - prefabricated in panels and delivered from off-site. Better quality due to factory quality control and quicker to assemble on site.

Answer 49

Under BS 8102 there are three types of basement waterproofing: * Type A – Barrier Protection * Type B – Structurally Integrated protection * Type C - Drained protection

Answer 50

* Type A – barrier protection – internal or external waterproof membrane is installed to protect against water ingress

Answer 51

Type B - Structurally integrated protection – requires structure to be constructed as an integral water-resistant shall. For example, by implementing reinforced concrete to an appropriate design code such as BS 8110 or BS 8007

Answer 52

Basement waterproofing Type C – Drained Protection – structure incorporates a drained cavity within the basement. Cavity collects groundwater entering through the structure and director it to drains or sump for removal.

Answer 53

* Drainage difficulties and risks of flooding due to poor weather. * Poor ground conditions and natural ground heave or settlement * Various obstructions, such as tunnels, existing services, mining works, archeological remains, and so on. * Boundary issues that may prove to be contentious, most commonly the foundations of nearby properties (see party wall act and right of support). * Loads from adjacent buildings and roads. * Failure of waterproofing, insurance and guarantees.

Answer 54

Buildability is a pre-construction exercise that assesses designs from the perspective of those that will manufacture, install components and carry out the construction works. This is in relation to: * Achieving the desired final quality; * Meeting the programme requirements; * De-risking perceived problems, and * Achieving optimum value for money.

Answer 55

* Bolted * Riveted * Welded.

Answer 56

As advised by the mace planning team, I was able to estimate the cost per week for preliminaries and adjust the cost accordingly to their timescale suggested. This also meant that scaffolding costs could be reduced.

Answer 57

* Panellised units produced in a factory and assembled on-site to produce a three-dimensional structure. * * Volumetric construction to produce three dimensional modular units in controlled factory conditions prior to transport to site. * * Hybrid techniques that combine both panellised and volumetric approaches.

Answer 58

Waterproofing additive Waterproof membranes

Answer 59

Measure in line with Section 1 of NRM1 * Forming pile mat * Mobilisation/moving of pile rig * Pouring insitu RC piles * Cutting top of piles * Pile Caps * Pile testing * Pile casings if applicable

Answer 60

Waterproofing additive Waterproof membranes

Answer 61

* Set: 24-48 hours` * Full cure: 28 days

Answer 62

* High rise building * High load bearing * Subsoil cannot hold weight of structure

Answer 63

Secant wall piling, wall cavity, internal block wall, waterproof layer, 2 layers of plasterboard

Answer 64

Retaining walls are structures designed to retain material to one side to prevent collapsing, slipping or erosion. Options can include: * Gravity (made of stone, concrete or brick) * Sheet piling (made of interlocking steel, timber or vinyl panels) * Reinforced retaining wall (stability of the wall can be increased from reinforcement bars which are connected to the slab foundation)

Answer 65

This is a structural concrete wall constructed in deep trench excavation, normally on congested sites, close to existing structures, where there is restricted headroom or where the excavation is of a depth that would otherwise require the removal of much greater volumes of soil to provide stable battered slopes.

Answer 66

Secant wall piling generally reduces the chance of water entry into the basement.

Answer 67

* CHP plant room (HIU regulates heat into units). * Boilers * Air source heat pump * Ground source heat pumps

Answer 68

* - Fan coil unit - supplies air conditioning within a building using hot and cold water depending on time of year * - Chilled beams - Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. * - VRV/VRF systems heating and cooling or heating/cooling. Ductwork to transfer heat or cooling around building.

Answer 69

Rainscreen cladding can be fabricated from metal sheeting such as aluminium, stainless steel, zinc, copper and so on, or can be a formed from metal composite materials (MCM) which consist of two skins of metal (such as aluminium, or ACM) bonded to either side of a lightweight core such as polyethylene (PE) or polyurethane (PUR), a profiled metal core or a mineral core. Other materials, such as terracotta, brick slips, stone, timber and so on are also used.

Answer 70

A thin top layer of material (sand and cement) laid on to a floor surface to level it out

Answer 71

* Bonded - laid to ready prepared rough, cleaned concrete base. * Unbonded - laid to sound, clean bitumen DPM. * Floating - laid with steel or fibre reinforcements to the insulating board which can be laid on to a suitable DPM.

Answer 72

* Fire safety - no combustible material in buildings above 18m. Recent article to change to 11m for combustible material defined by British Standards A1 A2, B. * Sprinklers in buildings above 11m * Responsible person (property manager) to manage the fire safety in blocks.

Answer 73

Building management systems are computer-based systems used to monitor and control building services such as: * Lighting. * Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). * Fire, smoke detection and alarms. * Motion detectors, CCTV, security and access control. * ICT systems. * Lifts. * Industrial processes or equipment. * Shading devices. * Smart meters.

Answer 74

A fiberous material used for insulation.

Answer 75

* MMC is a term used in the construction industry to describe new technologies that improve the requirements of speed, quality and reliability on site. I * n the main, these systems are manufactured off-site under a dry roof in factory style conditions or by newer on-site technologies. * The off-site products are then normally delivered to site by lorry and craned into position. * The size of the element is often determined by the size of our roads or the difficulties encountered in accessing the site, such as bridges and tunnels. Although some systems are imported, many are manufactured in the UK.

Answer 76

Grade 1 – used in car parks, plant rooms (excluding electrical equipment), workshops - some leaks and damp patches tolerable

Answer 77

Garde 2 – used in workshops and plant rooms requiring drier environment and in retail storage areas – no water penetrations/ leaks tolerable

Answer 78

Grade 3 – used in ventilated residential and working areas including offices, restaurants, leisure centres etc. – dry environment

Answer 79

Grade 4 – used in archives and stores requiring controlled environment – totally dry environment

Answer 80

Table 1 of BS 8102:2009 (Code of practice for protection of below ground structures against water from the ground) defines performance levels for the dryness of buildings in four grades, as follows: * Grade 1 – used in car parks, plant rooms (excluding electrical equipment), workshops - some leaks and damp patches tolerable * Garde 2 – used in workshops and plant rooms requiring drier environment and in retail storage areas – no water penetrations/ leaks tolerable * Grade 3 – used in ventilated residential and working areas including offices, restaurants, leisure centres etc. – dry environment * Grade 4 – used in archives and stores requiring controlled environment – totally dry environment

Answer 81

* Asbestos demolition survey (to HSG264 standard). * Utility information (showing disconnection locations if previously carried out). * Structural hazards and risks (including relevant information such as condition, modifications, materials, etc). * Hazardous materials and health hazards. * Building regulations. Where demolition work is proposed, the owner must give the local authority building control department six weeks notice under Section 80 of the Building Act. * Party Wall etc. Act notices. * Desk studies indicating the historic use of buildings and land, contamination, mineshafts, wells and so on. * Constraints to demolition imposed by the client or by the site conditions. * Site finish required. * Pre-construction information (CDM regulation 10). * Planning permissions and potentially Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Answer 82

1. Site and security set-up. 2. Intrusive pre-demolition surveys (such as; asbestos survey for demolition, structural survey, hazardous materials surveys, etc). 3. Isolation of utilities and removal of meters. 4. Disconnection of utilities. 5. Asbestos removal (in accordance with the Control of Asbestos Regulations). 6. Soft strip (taking the structure back to construction materials including the removal of windows and door frames). 7. Superstructure demolition with special measures as constraints demand, such as de-build or protection of adjacent structures. 8. Removal of demolition arisings 9. Slab and foundation demolition. 10. Processing of arisings. 11. Site finishes as required.

Answer 83

* **TOTAL DEMOLITION -** The demolition of an entire structure or site. * **SELECTIVE DEMOLITION -** Removing specific parts of a building. For example, when a building is listed there may be some restrictions as to what and how much can be demolished. * **INTERIOR DEMOLITION** Demolition particular parts of the inside of a building, while protecting and maintaining the exterior structure. For example; partitions, walls, ceilings, etc. * **DISMANTLING OR DECONSTRUCTION** - This method involves the careful dismantlement or deconstruction of a building or structure in order to preserve parts for reuse, refurbishment or recycling. * **EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION** - A highly specialised type of demolition, explosive demolition involves using explosives to bring down high reach building structures. This type of demolition work will target the structural support of a building so that it collapses in on itself.

Answer 84

* Asbestos survey MUST be carried prior to any asbestos works * Establish categories of the asbestos * Licensable asbestos-containing materials – Contractors for removal are held by HSE * Non-licensable asbestos-containing materials – for example, asbestos cement panels and asbestos toilet cisterns - May be removed by non-license holders but the work must be carried out in accordance with HSE requirements by suitably trained personnel for the work * 14 days notification period to HSE is required before works can take place. * Removal of the asbestos must be undertaken under very controlled conditions * All asbestos-contaminated waste must be despised to an Environment Agency licenced asbestos landfill site, carried by vehicles marked with hazardous waste signage

Answer 85

* Management Surveys * Refurbishment/Demolition survey

Answer 86

* The Management Survey purpose is required to manage ACM during the normal occupation and use of premises. * Survey is undertaken to ensure that nobody is harmed by presence of ACM; that the ACM remain in good conditions and nobody can disturbs it accidentally. * Survey must locate ACM that could be damaged or disturbed by normal activities. * can be make by a duty-holder if simple

Answer 87

* The Refurbishment / demolition Survey is required where the premises, or part of it, need upgrading, refurbishment or demolition. * The Survey does not need a record of the ACM condition. * Normally, a surveyor is needed for Refurbishment / demolition Surveys.This survey is undertaken to ensure that nobody will be harmed by work on ACM and the work will be done by the right contractor in the right way. * The Survey must locate and identify all ACM. It involves destructive inspection and asbestos disturbance. The area surveyed must be vacated, and certified 'fit for reoccupation' after the survey.

Answer 88

* Disturbing asbestos-containing material (ACM) can release invisible fibres. Once in the air, fibres can be breathed in and cause lung diseases

Answer 89

* Sprayed coatings on ceilings, walls, beams and columns * Loose fill insulation * Toilet seat and cistern * Asbetos cement roof * Vinyl floor tiles

Answer 90

* _Chrysotile (white asbestos)_ –usually fine in texture, possessing high flexibility and good heat resistant properties making it ideal for use in cement, lining and roofing materials. * _Amosite (brown asbestos)_ – mined mostly in Africa, amosite is particularly strong and heat resistant type of asbestos, that was commonly used in cement sheet; has higher cancer risk. * _Crocidolite (blue asbestos)_ – has very thin fibres

Answer 91

* Site, topography and climate. * The relationship to the street and access routes. * The requirement for entrances, windows and other openings. * Stylistic preferences. * Requirements for climatic modification. * The need for security and privacy. * Available skills and materials. * Regulations. * Context and planning restrictions.

Answer 92

* The nature of the load requiring support. * Ground conditions. * The presence of water. * Space availability. * Accessibility. * Sensitivity to noise and vibration. * Regulations and planning restrictions * Type of foundations

Answer 93

* Facade retention involves supporting existing façades or party walls for renovation and is often used for works to listed buildings. * A shoring retention scheme is generally required to support the front façade while construction of the new internal layout takes place. Once construction of the internal structure is complete, the existing façade can be connected to it.

Answer 94

* Scaffolding, suitable for low level facades between 3 and 4 storeys, with sufficient space at their base for installation. * Proprietary retention, involving props, ties and bracing suitable for higher facades as the general quantity of components are reduced. * Fabricated steelwork, used when cost of hiring proprietary equipment over long periods of time outweigh the cost of fabricating a structure * Combinations of fabricated and proprietary retention systems.

Answer 95

* repairs and treatments to the existing façade cost * façade cleaning cost * windows and door replacement cost * scaffolding cost * temporary works (props, tiles, bracing, fabricated steel works) * additional surveys -e.g. crack monitoring

Answer 96

* depends od types of materials, method of construction, condition, required repairs * the Access report submitted with Stage 4 design included details of how particular part of the building will be accessible (for example access to skylights and external façade through ‘The Street’ by Mobile elevating work platform and mobile tower

Answer 97

Part 1 – Prior to works * Prior to work – CDM contractor and Principal Design needs to be appointed, Form F10 Notification issued, If ACM present – need to be notify to the HSE, Part 2 – Demolition may require hoarding if part of the building is to be retained. * Site and security set-up. * Intrusive pre-demolition surveys (such as; asbestos survey for demolition, structural survey, hazardous materials surveys, etc). * Isolation of utilities and removal of meters. * Disconnection of utilities. * Asbestos removal (in accordance with the Control of Asbestos Regulations). * Soft strip (taking the structure back to construction materials including the removal of windows and door frames). * Superstructure demolition with special measures as constraints demand, such as de-build or protection of adjacent structures. * Removal of demolition arisings * Slab and foundation demolition. * Processing of arisings. Part 3 – Excavation and Deep Foundations constructions (for example pilling foundation) * Install pile mat * secant pile installation * solid slab raft construction * basement retaining wall * basement ground floor slab * waterproofing (Type A, B or C) * insulation installation * wall finishes

Answer 98

* Piles * Mini piles (or micro piles/micropiles) * Pile walls * Diaphragm walls * Caissons * Ground anchors

Answer 99

* Diaphragm walls are made by excavating a deep trench that is prevented from collapsing by being filled with engineering slurry such as bentonite and then the trench is filled with reinforced concrete panels, the joints between which can be water-tight. * This is commonly used for top-down construction, where a basement is constructed at the same time as above ground works are carried out.

Answer 100

* Caissons are watertight retaining structures sunk into the ground by removing material from the bottom, typically this might be suitable for building structures below water level.

Answer 101

Ground anchors transfer very high loads by using a grouted anchor to mechanically transfer load from a tendon to the ground. They can be pre-tensioned or can be tensioned by the applied load.

Answer 102

* 3D pritning * modular and off side cosntruction * Drones in surveying * BIM Modeleing * Jump Factory East Viilige (Stradford) - new system for constructing high-rise buildings using digital technology and an offsite manufacturing approach, which it has claimed makes construction six times more productive than current industry performance. - one stroy every 55 hours * cross laminated timber

Answer 103

* time saving between 10 to 50% * more predictble processes and therefore inclreased safety in construction * more sustainable final product * better quality * reduce distruption *

Answer 104

* Building Act 1984 (Building Act), * the Building Regulations 2010 (Building Regulations) and * the Building Regulations 2010 (Approved Inspectors Regulations). * Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 * Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002 * Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996 * Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 * Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 * Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 * Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998 * Work at Height Regulations 2005 * Control of asbestos regulations 2012 * Control of Noise at Work 2005 * HASAWA 1974

Answer 105

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) require employers to prevent or reduce workers' exposure to hazardous substances including: * Chemicals, and products containing chemicals. * Fumes, gases, vapours and mists. * Dusts. * Nanotechnology * Biological agents and germs It does not include lead, asbestos or radioactive substances, which are controlled by other legislation.