Consonants

Question 1

Consonants

Answer 1

-Produced by vocal tract constrictions that modify airstream from the larynx
-The tongue makes contact with other articulators to form consonants

Question 2

Sonorants (resonants)

Answer 2

Produced with resonance throughout entire vocal tract

Question 3

Obstruents (nonresonants)

Answer 3

Produced with resonance primarily in space anterior to constriction

Question 4

Consonants Position

Answer 4

-Where consonants can show up
Prevocalic: before a vowel
Postvocalic: after a vowel
Intervocalic: between two vowels

Question 5

Classification of Consonants

Answer 5

-Manner of articulation: How airstream is modified
-Place of articulation: Where the constriction is located
-Voicing: Whether vocal folds are vibrating

Question 6

Consonants Place of articulation

Answer 6

-Place of articulation: Where the constriction is located
-Constriction is formed by two articulators

Question 7

Bilabial

Answer 7

upper and lower lips involved

Question 8

Labiodental

Answer 8

lower lip and upper central incisors

Question 9

dental

Answer 9

tongue apex (blade) and teeth

Question 10

alveolar

Answer 10

tongue apex (blade) and alveolar ridge

Question 11

postalveolar

Answer 11

front of tongue and back of alveolar ridge

Question 12

palatal

Answer 12

blade of tongue and hard palate

Question 13

velar

Answer 13

back of tongue and velum

Question 14

glottal

Answer 14

vocal folds

Question 15

lingual

Answer 15

tongue

Question 16

Stops (Plosives)

Answer 16

-Produced with a completely closed vocal tract: Airstream is completely obstructed; intraoral pressure is high
-Stops are further divided by place: bilabial, alveolar, velar
-Stops can be voiced or voiceless

Question 17

Bilabial Stops

Answer 17

/p/ (vl), /b/ (v)

Question 18

Alveolar Stops

Answer 18

/t/ (vl), /d/ (v)

Question 19

Velar Stops

Answer 19

/k/ (vl), /g/ (v)

Question 20

Alveolar Tap /ɾ/

Answer 20

-Allophone of /t/ (“latter”) or /d/ (“ladder”)
-Produced with a rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge
-Typically occurs in an intervocalic position where the first syllable received stress

Question 21

Glottal stop /ʔ/

Answer 21

-Produced with vocal folds impeding and releasing airflow
-Typically occurs in syllable-final position (“hat”) or intervocalic position (“button”) followed by a syllabic /n/

Question 22

Nasals

Answer 22

-Airstream is completely obstructed in oral cavity
-Same places of articulation: bilabial, alveolar, velar
-similar to stops

Question 23

Bilabial nasals

Answer 23

/m/ voiced

Question 24

Alveolar Nasal

Answer 24

/n/ voiced

Question 25

Velar Nasal

Answer 25

/ŋ/ voiced

Question 26

Nasals vs Stops

Answer 26

-Contrary to stops (obstruents)
Velum is lowered and airstream travels to nasal cavity and out through nares (sonorants)
-All nasals are voiced
-Nasals can be syllabic: /ɹɪʔn̩/ “written”