Chapter 3: A&P of the Speech Mechanism Flashcards
Three major systems of speech production and their functions
Respiratory System - Respiration
Laryngeal System - Phonation
Supralaryngeal System - Articulation
Contents of Respiratory System
Includes lungs, trachea, rib cage, thorax, abdomen, diaphragm, and other muscle groups
Primary and Secondary Function of the Respiratory System
Sustain life and produce speech
Two parts of respiration
Inhalation and Exhalation
Bernoulli Effect
Explains how vocal folds vibrate and produce voiced speech
Inhalation
-Goal: Getting air into the lungs
-Diaphragm lowers
-External intercostal muscles engaged to raise the sternum and rib cage
-Thoracic cavity expands
-These actions create a negative pressure in the lungs relative to atmospheric pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs
Exhalation
-Goal: Getting air out of the lungs
-Elastic recoil force deflates the lungs
-Diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original position
-Internal intercostal muscles engaged to lower the sternum and rib cage
-These actions results in expulsion of air from the lungs
Laryngeal System Contents
Vocal folds, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartilages between trachea and hyoid
Function of Laryngeal System
Function is to create phonation (voiced sounds) and to prevent foreign objects from entering the respiratory system
Phonation
The result of vocal fold vibration
How vocal folds vibrate
-Subglottal air pressure pushes vocal folds open: Abduction
-Bernoulli effect: Fast airflow through the glottis (opening between vocal folds) reduces air pressure, drawing vocal folds together: Adduction
-Repetition of glottal opening and closing (vocal fold vibration) results in phonation
Fundamental Frequency
A measure of how fast vocal folds vibrate
Supralaryngeal System Contents
Located above the larynx and contains the pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity
Function of Supralaryngeal System
Function is to create a wide variety of speech sounds by using articulators
Where are most of the articulators?
Oral cavity
Articulators
-Lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, glottis, tongue
-Responsible for production of speech sounds
Labial Sounds
-Lips
-Bee, Week
Labiodental and Dental
-Teeth
-Fee, THese
Alveolar sounds
-Alveolar Ridge
-Tea, See
Palatal Sounds
-Hard Palate
-Yes
Velar Sounds
-Velum
-Key
Glottal Sounds
-Glottis
-He
Vowels and lingual sounds
-Tongue
-Divided into apex, blade, front, back, root
Resonance
Vibratory properties of a vibrating body
Source-Filter Theory
-Larynx or constriction provides the source of vibration
-Source of vibration is modified (filtered) by vocal tract, resulting in distinct quality/timbre for each phoneme
