Consciousness (Finished)

Question 1

forebrain

Answer 1

Anatomy:
-Cerebral cortex
-Basal ganglia
-Thalamus
Function:
Motor control, somatosensory processing, emotion, thoughts, planning, memory

Question 2

brainstem

Answer 2

Anatomy
-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla
Function
-Homeostasis, life-sustaining functions, cranial nerve nuclei

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

Coordination of movements that use more than one joint
Coordination of visually guided movements
Learning complex new movements
Damage leads to ataxia

Question 4

spinal cord

Answer 4

Ventral (motor) nerve roots
Dorsal (sensory) nerve roots
Ascending and descending pathways
Proprioception
Spinal reflexes
Sympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Define consciousness

Answer 5

awake and aware

Wakefulness
Open eyes, motor arousal
Level of consciousness
Awareness
Experience of thoughts, memories and emotions

Question 6

Locate anatomic abnormalities that can lead to altered levels of consciousness

Answer 6

be able to do this

Question 7

unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (vegetative state)

Answer 7

Sleep-wake cycles, opens eyes
Unresponsive to internal or external stimuli (including pain, pleasure); not aware of self or others
May smile/grimace; reflexively grip hand
No thoughts, memories, emotions or intentions

Intact brainstem, damaged cortex and/or thalamus

Question 8

locked-in syndrome

Answer 8

Sleep-wake cycles
Intact awareness
Quadriplegia, sensory loss, anarthria
Conscious but unable to interact with external world (may be able to blink, look up or down)
Brainstem lesion (bilateral ventral pons)

Question 9

minimally conscious state

Answer 9

Some sleep-wake cycles
Incomplete awareness
MCS + has high level behavioral responses
MCS – has low level behavioral responses

Question 10

coma

Answer 10

Unresponsive to internal or external stimuli
May have preserved spinal reflexes
No other motor activity
No auditory perception	
No visual perception
Unarousable
No spontaneous eye opening

Damage to both cerebral hemispheres, brainstem or thalamus

Question 11

Frontal lobe

Answer 11

Motor control center

Executive function

Question 12

Parietal lobe

Answer 12

Somatosensory processing

Question 13

Temporal lobe

Answer 13

Auditory processing

New memory formation

Question 14

Limbic structures

Answer 14

Emotional processing, learning & memory

Question 15

Occipital lobe

Answer 15

Visual processing

Question 16

Basal Ganglia

Answer 16

Forebrain,
Coordinates choice of mutually exclusive skeletal muscle actions
Operational Learning
Links to limbic system to associate emotions, goals, motivations with movements
Dysfunction leads to movement disorders

Question 17

Thalamus

Answer 17

Forebrain
Interpret/modulate sensory input to cortex
Change input to cortex based on arousal, sleep, vigilance etc
Role in attention to parts or features of sensory environment

Question 18

Midbrain

Answer 18

Brainstem
Vertical eye movements
Pupil control
Posture & locomotion
Non-rapid eye movement
Level of arousal

Question 19

Pons

Answer 19

Brainstem
Conjugate horizontal eye movements
Posture
Rapid eye movements
Facial expressions

Question 20

Medulla

Answer 20

Brainstem
Blood pressure
Breathing
Gastrointestinal motility
Ingestion
Equilibrium