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Cardiology > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what causes the closure of the oval foramen after a neonate is born?

A

increased left atrial pressure pressing on the valve

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2
Q

what causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus in neonates?

A

bradykinin and decreased prostaglandins act on the wall

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3
Q

what is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

bicuspid aortic valve (marfan’s)

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4
Q

lesions that allow circulation of deoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation via shunting

A

cyanotic CHD

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5
Q

oxygenated blood from the left to the right heart

A

acyanotic CHD

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6
Q

what can obstructive lesions lead to? (2)

A

ventricular hypertrophy
heart failure

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7
Q

what is an example of a cyanotic CHD?

A

tetralogy of fallot

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8
Q

what is an example of a left and right sided obstruction?

A

coarctation of the aorta

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9
Q

in large atrial septal defects, infants will present with what?

A

right-sided heart failure

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10
Q

what are 2 common symptoms in adults age 40 in uncorrected defects?

A

atrial arrhythmias
exercise intolerance

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11
Q

on physical, you hear a widely split S2. After heart failure develops, you hear a 4th heart sound. what could this be?

A

atrial septal defect

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12
Q

what is the diagnostic test of choice for atrial septal defect?

A

echocardiogram

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13
Q

what would an ECG show to indicate atrial septal defect?

A

crochetage pattern

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14
Q

what size atrial septal defect at diagnoses is unlikely to spontaneously close?

A

over 8-10 mm

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15
Q

what is the first line treatment for atrial septal defect? (2)

A

anticoags
cardioversion

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16
Q

what treatment for atrial septal defect can be considered for adults with severe pulmonary vascular disease?

A

vasodilator

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17
Q

what is the second line treatment for a repaired atrial septal defect?

A

antibiotics

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18
Q

what type of atrial septal defects should be closed in children?

A

secundum >8mm in children older than 2 years

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19
Q

what is the standard treatment for a sinus venosus, coronary sinus, or primum atrial septal defect?

A

surgical repair

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20
Q

what is the treatment of choice of secundum atrial septal defect in adults?

A

percutaneous closure

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21
Q

closure of an atrial septal defect is not indicated in patients who have developed irreversible _____ _____

A

pulmonary hypertension

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22
Q

congenital or acquired defect of the interventricular septum that allows communication of blood between the left and right ventricles

A

ventricular septum defect

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23
Q

ventricular septal defect can occur as a complication of what?

A

acute MI

24
Q

prolonged left to right shunting of blood in ventricular septal defect can lead to _____ _____

A

pulmonary hypertension

25
Q

a triad of left to right shunting, pulmonary arterial disease, and cyanosis

A

eisenmenger syndrome

26
Q

an infant that typically appears asymptomatic, now presents with respiratory distress, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis with feeds, and poor weight gain. what are they likely experiencing?

A

ventricular septal defect

27
Q

what is the diagnostic test to use for ventricular septal defect?

A

cardiac catheterization

28
Q

what is the treatment for ventricular septal defects? (2)

A

diuretics
ACE inhibitor

29
Q

what can an infant develop due to ventricular septal defect?

A

anemia

30
Q

when should antibiotics be used for ventricular septal defect? (2)

A

complex cyanotic heart disease
during first 6 mo after surgery

31
Q

what medications can be used for ventricular septal defect in an adult? (2)

A

digoxin
diuretics

32
Q

what is the treatment for ventricular septal defect if the infant has pulmonary HTN, failure to thrive, and flow is poorly controlled?

A

VSD patch or repair

33
Q

what is a common complication after surgery for a ventricular septal defect?

A

RBBB

34
Q

persistence of the fetal communication between the descending aorta and main pulmonary artery

A

patent ductus arteriosus

35
Q

what is the diagnostic of choice for patent ductus arteriosus?

A

echocardiogram with doppler

36
Q

what medication is indicated to treat patent ductus arteriosus?

A

NSAIDS

37
Q

how do NSAIDS close a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

inhibit local prostaglandin synthesis

38
Q

when is antibiotic prophylaxis recommended for patent ductus arteriosus?

A

previous endocarditis

39
Q

when is PDA closure considered? (2)

A

volume overload
signs of pulmonary HTN

40
Q

what condition leads to left ventricular pressure overload, myocardial hypertrophy, and heart failure if left untreated?

A

coarctation of the aorta

41
Q

a patient presents with lower limb claudication, syncope, chest pain, irritability, poor feeding in infant, and diaphoresis. what are they likely experiencing?

A

coarctation of the arota

42
Q

a patient presents with brachial-femoral delay, prominent neck pulsations, and bruit and palpable pulsation in the intercostal spaces. what are they likely experiencing?

A

coarctation of the aorta

43
Q

along with brachial-femoral delay, this patient also presents with underdevelopment of lower extremities in CoA. what age group are they?

A

older children/adults

44
Q

along with brachial-femoral delay, this patient presents with tachypnea, prominent right ventricular impulse, hepatomegaly, and cyanotic skin. what age group are they?

A

infant

45
Q

what is the diagnostic of choice for CoA?

A

echo

46
Q

what is the treatment for CoA until repair is complete?

A

alprostadil (prostaglandin E1)

47
Q

why should we treat CoA with alprostadil?

A

to maintain patency of ductus arteriosus in infancy

48
Q

what are the four features of tetralogy of fallot?

A

ventricular septal defect

pulmonary valve stenosis

aorta that overrides (rightward)

RV hypertrophy

49
Q

what is the most common cyanotic malformation to reach adulthood without reparative surgery?

A

tetralogy of fallot

50
Q

a patient presents with low birth weight, dyspnea on exertion, squatting after exercise, cyanosis of nail beds and lips, digital clubbing and palpable RV impulse. what are they likely experiencing?

A

tetralogy of fallot

51
Q

a symptom of paroxysmal episodes of worsening cyanosis and rapid, deep breathing, noticed after feeding and defecation

A

tet spell

52
Q

what is used to diagnose tetralogy of fallot?

A

echo

53
Q

what would a chest radiography show when looking at tetralogy of fallot?

A

boot-shaped heart

54
Q

what is the treatment for tetralogy of fallot? (3)

A

oxygen
prostaglandins
knee-chest position during hypoxemic spells

55
Q

what is the acute treatment for tetralogy of fallot? (4)

A

phenylephrine
oxygen
morphine
propranolol

56
Q

what are 2 surgical treatments for tetralogy of fallot?

A

complete surgical repair
palliative surgery

Cardiology (19 decks)

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