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Cardiology > Cardio Intro > Flashcards

Cardio Intro Flashcards

1
Q

the fundamental electrical event of the heart

A

depolarization

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2
Q

cardiac cells restoring their resting polarity

A

repolarization

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3
Q

every wave on the ECG is the manifestation of _____ and _____

A

depolarization
repolarization

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4
Q

what is the electrical power source of the wave of depolarization?

A

pacemaker cells

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5
Q

the hard wiring of the heart that carries currents rapidly and efficiently to distant regions of the heart

A

electrical conducting cells

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6
Q

the largest part of the heart tissue that is responsible for the heavy labor of relaxing, contracting and pumping blood

A

myocardial cells

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7
Q

the pacemaker currents of which node bring cells to threshold more rapidly?

A

SA node

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8
Q

what is the inherent rate of the SA node?

A

100 depolarizations per minute

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9
Q

why do we want the SA node to reach threshold first?

A

we want it to drive the heartbeat forward

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10
Q

cardiac muscle wants to fire in an ordered and rhythmic fashion. what is this called?

A

myogenic

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11
Q

what is the condition in which cardiac muscle cells fire without a functioning SA node pacemaker and is chaotic and ineffective?

A

fibrillation

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12
Q

why can the heart still beat properly even if its connections to the CNS are completely severed?

A

because the SA node has automaticity

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13
Q

SA node is the first to _____ but the slowest to _____

A

depolarize
repolarize

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14
Q

during sympathetic, what ions are increased?

A

K+ and Ca+

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15
Q

what do norepi and epi during sympathetic affect?

A

atria and ventricles

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16
Q

during parasympathetic, what ion leaks out of the SA node?

A

K+

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17
Q

what does acetylcholie during parasympathetic affect?

A

atria

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18
Q

what deflection does a positive charge moving towards a positive electrode give?

A

upward/positive deflection

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19
Q

what deflection does a positive charge moving perpendicular to a positive electrode give?

A

no deflection

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20
Q

what deflection does a positive charge moving away a positive electrode give?

A

downward/negative deflection

21
Q

electricity flows from _____ to _____

A

negative
positive

22
Q

lead V1 should be mostly _____

A

negative

23
Q

lead V6 should be mostly _____

A

positive

24
Q

what will be seen on the ECG if the heartbeat is initiated in the SA node and the atria contract?

A

P wave

25
Q

what is it called when the impulse slows as it passes through the AV node from the atria to the ventricles?

A

atrial kick

26
Q

why is the atrial kick important?

A

allows atria time to finish filling the ventricles

27
Q

what will be seen on the ECG during the rapid impulse through the His-Purkinje system?

A

PR interval

28
Q

what generates the QRS complex on the ECG?

A

depolarization of septum and ventricular walls

29
Q

what represents repolarization of the ventricles on the ECG?

A

ST segment and T wave

30
Q

what does the horizontal axis of the ECG measure?

A

time

31
Q

on the horizontal axis, how many seconds is one small box?

A

0.04 seconds

32
Q

on the vertical axis, how many millivolts is 1 large box?

A

0.5 mv

33
Q

what is the normal size of the P wave?

A

0.5 - 2.5 small boxes tall and wide

34
Q

how long in seconds is a normal PR interval?

A

0.12 - 0.20 seconds

35
Q

the first negative deflection following the PR segment is always known as what?

A

Q wave

36
Q

the first positive deflection following Q wave or PR segment is always known as what?

A

R wave

37
Q

the negative deflection that extends below baseline after the R wave is known as what?

A

S wave

38
Q

how long is a narrow QRS complex?

A

less than 3 small boxes

39
Q

what does a narrow QRS complex indicate?

A

signal came from above the AV node

40
Q

what does a wide QRS complex indicate?

A

previous AMI

41
Q

what does the ST segment represent?

A

refractory period

42
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

repolarization of the ventricles

43
Q

what is the max amplitude of the T wave in the limb leads?

A

5mm (1 big box)

44
Q

what is the max amplitude of the T wave in the chest leads?

A

10mm (2 big boxes)

45
Q

what measure the time of ventricular depolarization and repolarization?

A

QT interval

46
Q

what is the normal duration of the QT interval?

A

9-11 small boxes

47
Q

what does the U wave represent?

A

repolarization of the purkinje fibers

48
Q

what is the max amplitude of the U wave?

A

1 mm (1 small box)

Cardiology (19 decks)

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