Concepts Week 7

Question 1

Multilingualism within society

Answer 1

• The global norm, not exception

- Historically precedes any notion of monolingualism

Question 2

Causes of Multilingualism

Answer 2

• Migration (voluntary/involuntary)
• Industrialisation/Urbanisation
• Colonial policies

Question 3

Causes of Monolingualism

Answer 3

• Nation building and colonialism
• One nation, one language, one race
• Processes of distinction and identity constructions

Question 4

Language choice

Answer 4

Below the level of consciousness - people claim to just know when to use which language

Question 5

Factors leading to codeswitching

Answer 5

• Participants
• Solidarity
• Status
• Topic
• Affectivity

Question 6

Ferguson 1959 Diglossia

9

Answer 6

1. Function
2. Prestige
3. Literary heritage
4. Acquisition
5. Standardisation
6. Stability
7. Vocabulary
8. Grammar
9. Phonology

Question 7

Welsh Diglossia History

Answer 7

• 19th Century stable Welsh Low and English High
• 1840 over two thirds spoke Welsh
• Industrialisation, more English
• 1930s Welsh diaspora, reduction
• 1980 20% pop. spoke Welsh
• Revitalisation

Question 8

Paraguay

Name and Date

Answer 8

• Bilingualism 1968 Rubin
• Spanish and Guaraní (indigenous)
• Urban people more likely to be bilingual
• Rural people monolingual in Guaraní
• Guaraní national pride signal

Question 9

Oberwart (Austrian town) history

Gal 1979

Answer 9

• Austrian but bordering Hungary
• Once Hungarian speaking but surrounded by German speakers
• After WW2 Hungarian banned in schools and German introduced, part of Austria
• Hungarian = peasant

Question 10

Double overlapping example

Answer 10

• Girl in Tanzania acquires tribal language as L and Swahili as H variety
• Studies at university, Swahili becomes L and English becomes high variety

Question 11

Double nesting example

Answer 11

Khalapur, India

• Hindi (H main) with conversational style (L) and Oratorical (H)
• Khalapur (L main) with clean speech (H) and gross speech (L)