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PSYC 350 - Midterm 2 > Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth > Flashcards

Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual Self-Esteem

A
  • The feeling that you have towards your body, sense of self, as a sexual person or being
  • Based on sexual experiences, messages we’ve received about sex, and etc.
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2
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Thin gelatinous layer surrounding egg

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3
Q

Hydraluronidase

A
  • Enzyme secreted by sperm
    • Produced by the acrosome in head of sperm
  • Helps to dissolve zona pellucida, making it easier for 1 sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
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4
Q

Capacitation

A
  • Once one sperm is able to enter
  • Following this, zona pellucida hardens, keeping all other sperm out!
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5
Q

Implantation

A
  • Once zygote implants into uterus
  • Implantation takes about 5 days!
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6
Q

difference b/w types of twins?

A

Identical: once capacitation occurs, zygote splits in half and develop independently

Fraternal: two eggs were originally released and both fertilized by different sperm

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7
Q

obstacles to fertilizaiton (4)

A
  1. Acidity of vagina
    • Kills many sperm immediately!
  2. Some are deformed
    • Can’t swim properly
  3. Swimming against currents of fallopian tube
    • Cilia push egg downwards, BUT sperm have to go up!
  4. Swim up wrong fallopian tube 😞
    • Only one ovary releases an egg at a time, could go into the wrong tube!
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8
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg (first 2 weeks)
- Travels down the fallopian tube (by fimbriae)
- Cell division begins ~36 hours after conception
- Implantation into uterus lining occurs 5-7 days later
- Otherwise, disintegrates in 48 hours if not fertilized

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9
Q

Embryo

A

💡 Weeks 2-8
- Developing sperm and egg

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10
Q

fetus

A

💡 8 weeks → birth

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11
Q

basal body temperature chart

A
  • Temperature will be slightly lower before ovulation and slightly higher the day after ovulation
  • Only approx. 1 degree difference
  • DIRECTIONS: take temperature every morning immediately upon waking
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12
Q

when to time intercourse

A

right during or 1-2 days before ovulation
- or Sperm can live in body up to 5 days

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13
Q

presumptive signs of pregnancy

A
  • missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, more frequent urination, fatigue
    • Missed period + 2 other signs = 67% probability of pregnancy
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14
Q

Probable signs: 80-95% correct

A

HCG—98% (at least 7 days following conception)
- Detected in urine during pregnancy test
- Secreted by placenta and cells surrounding zygote

Hegar’s sign
- Softening of lower part of uterus
- Can be felt by manual exam at about week 7

beta-hCG radioimmunoassay
- Presence of beta-hCG in blood
- Very expensive

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15
Q
  • Positive signs—definite indicators!
A
  • Fetal heartbeat
    • Active fetal movement
      • Feeling fetus moving
    • Detection of skeleton by ultrasound
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16
Q

Nagele’s rule

A

first day of last menstrual period - 3 months + 1 week + 1 yr

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17
Q

consequences of pregnancy during natural disasters

A
  • High risk of still birth (born dead)
  • Premature delivery
  • Low birth weight

(Regardless of stressor, these are the same outcomes seen! )

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18
Q

Outcomes on babies in COVID

A

not the same as stressful events (little research done)
- Only seen if pregnant woman CONTRACTED covid

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19
Q

fetal development first trimester (first 12 weeks)

A
  • Development of placenta and amniotic sac
  • Major organs develop

period of rapid development!

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20
Q

first trimester physical changes in pregnant person

A
  • Breast swelling, tenderness
  • Frequent urination
  • Bowel irregularity
  • Vaginal discharge might increase
  • Nausea -> THEORY vomiting rids body from toxic chemicals
    • 25% don’t experience this
  • Fatigue -> high levels of progesterone (sedative effect)
  • Increased temperature for more than 2 weeks
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21
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Digestive tract
  • Respiratory
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22
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • NS
  • skin
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23
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • mujscles
  • skeleton
  • connective tissue
  • reproductive system
  • circulatory
24
Q

cephalocaudal order

A

head forms first, body last

25
Q

Trophoblast

A

placenta

26
Q

Causes of Miscarriages

A

💡 Most caused by chromosome problems in fetus

  • Other possible causes:
    • Infections
    • Hormonal problems
    • Alcohol/drug use
    • Obesity
    • Cancer
    • Contraction of severe health problems
27
Q

Preterm delivery

A

before 37th week

28
Q

Possible symptoms of Miscarriage (3)

A

Low back or abdominal pain
Clot passes through vagina
Vaginal bleeding

29
Q

changes in fetus in 2nd trimester (13-26)

A
  • Fetus becomes sensitive to light and sound!
    • Might react and move
  • Immature organ systems
30
Q

changes in person in 2nd trimester (13-26)

A
  • Decreased symptoms -> Most comfortable
  • Constipation, nosebleeds
    • Caused by water retention, pressure on capillaries
  • Expanding belly
  • Fetal movements
  • Edema (water retention)
    • Face, hands, wrists, feet, etc.
  • Breasts fully developed (colostrum-19th week)
31
Q

Physical Changes in Pregnant Person in 3rd tri (27-38)

A
  • Uterus is large and hard
  • Symptoms from pressure on organs
  • Aware of fetal activity
  • Awkwardness
  • Braxton-Hicks contractions
  • Engagement of head (lightening, dropping)
    • Head facing downward toward cervix
    • In women who have had babies before—occurs during labour
32
Q

act protecting pregnant women?

A

The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (USA)

33
Q

lowest and highest teen pregnancy rates?

A

PEI
NU

34
Q

what vitamins/minerals associated with premature birth?

A

Calcium and magnesium deficits

35
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A
  • umbrella term
    Small amount of opening between eyelids, groove between nose and upper lip = flat, thin upper lip
36
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • Most severe
    • Intellectual ability—IQ 70 or below
  • ~1% of Canadians
  • Prenatal/postnatal deficits—small brain/eyes, joint/limb/heart impairments
37
Q

effects of Smoking

A
  • Slow growth and development
  • Increases death
  • Premature birth, low birth weight, cardiovascular abnormalities, increased risk for asthma
38
Q

Marijuana

A

Premature birth, low birth weight, difficulty conceiving

39
Q

Couvade syndrome

A
  • Sympathetic pregnancy
  • Some men experience physical symptoms of pregnancy (nausea, indigestions, headaches, etc.)
  • Hormonal?
    • Higher levels of prolactin prenatally, low T postnatally
  • Culture-bound
    • Asia, SA, Oceana
40
Q

First Stage of Labour

A

Effacement of cervix (thinning)
- dilation (10cm)
- Length: 2-24 hours
- 12-15 hrs = average for 1st pregnancy
- 8 hrs. = 2nd and later pregnancy
Contractions (regular)
5 mins apart, 1 minute long, happening for an hour

41
Q

stages of 1st stage labour (3)

A
  1. early
    - contractions 15-20mins apart
    - cervix = effacing and dilating
  2. late
    - dilation 5-8cm
  3. transition
    - full dilation
    - most pain / exhaustion
42
Q

Second Stage Labour

A

10cm dilation
Head into birth canal from cervix into vagina
-few mins to hours
- urge to push
- crowning (top of head visible)
- episiotomy (Incision in perineum)
- first breath

43
Q

Third Stage Labour

A
  • Placenta detaches
  • Afterbirth expelled
  • Remaining membranes from uterus come out
  • Can take a few minutes — few hours
44
Q

Placenta previa

A

Placenta is attached to wall of uterus (close to or overlapping with cervix)

45
Q

% of caesarean sections

A

About 28% of births in Canada in 2017 (common)

46
Q

Why are c-sections increasing in Canada?

A
  • Increase in older people giving birth
  • More technology able to detect distress
  • More women requesting without clear medical reasons to do so
47
Q

Lamaze method

A

Teaches relaxation and controlled breathing
- Lower complications, reduced length of labour, reduced use of drugs, higher empowerment, better experience!
- Shorter labour, less pain

48
Q

Doula (woman’s servant)

A

Someone present during childbirth to provide emotional support and education
- People with Doula’s = shorter labour on average & infants score higher Apgar (overall health) scores

49
Q

how many parents regret having kids?

A

7%

50
Q

Psychological changes

A

80% = Baby Blues (usually resolves in ~2 weeks)
10-20% = postpartum depression (full clinical depression)
- Result of low levels of E and P due to expel of placenta (which produced high levels of these)
- Usually begins 2-3 weeks after birth (but can begin sooner)
- Lasts 6-8 weeks
- 17% experience

51
Q

Breast Feeding

A

colostrum (higher in nutrition)
milk - 2-3 days after

52
Q

role of Prolactin

A

Stimulates breasts to produce milk

53
Q

role of oxytocin

A
  • Stimulates breasts to eject milk
  • Released reflexively by pituitary in response to infant sucking on breast
54
Q

Infertility

A

💡 Refers to inability to conceive or inability to impregnate a person after 1 year of regular sex

55
Q

most common cause of infertility in women

A

💡 PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) most common

  • caused by an untreated sexually transmitted infection, especially gonorrhea or chlamydia
56
Q

other causes of infertility

A
  • Problems with ovulation (18-30%)
  • Fallopian tube blocks, fibroid, endometriosis, hormonal imbalance, early menopause, eating disorders, toxic chemical exposure, smoking, alcohol, narcotics, age
57
Q

Causes in Men

A

Infection in reproductive system due to STI
- Low sperm count (due to varicoceles), motility, cigarette smoking, toxic exposure, alcohol, marijuana use, some prescription drugs, obesity, environmental estrogens, age

PSYC 350 - Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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