concept review questions

Question 0

reducing end of sugar?

Answer 0

end that is free and unbound carbon for reactions

Question 1

person has mitochondrial disorder where lack malate and aspartate shuttles what would be expected during fasting?

Answer 1

OAA would be trapped in the mitochondria

Question 2

Two alleles for given trait, Ga and Gb, if the genotype frequency of GaGa is 25%, what is the genotype frequency for the heterozygous?

Answer 2

use p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
each term is geno frequency
p and q are allele frequency

so p = 0.5 then q = 0.5

Question 3

question 84 from buxtons book?

what antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase?

Answer 3

so would be drug that inhibits DNA synthesis

Fluoroquinolones - so cipro,

Question 4

question 85
pt with pseudomonas septicemia and given b lactam antibiotic with is only against aerobic, gram neg bacteria. What antibiotic was she given?

Answer 4

Monobactam - Aztroenam

Question 5

Question 87

22yo with PID. Requires coverage of anaerobes. What antibiotic should she be given?

Answer 5

clindamycin or metronidazole

Question 6

Macrollides

Answer 6

block protein synthesis

Question 7

what can cross the BBB?

Answer 7

ceftriaxone

Question 8

Question 90

child develops impetigo. Given antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. What drug did the child receive?

Answer 8

Ampicillin or cephalexin are choices

but most likely S. Aureus so pick cephalexin (are resistant to penicillinases made by s. Aureus)

Question 9

question 91
pt with CA pneumonia.
Given two antibiotic one block protein syntehsis by binding 50 s and other is beta lactam. What antibiotics was she given?

Answer 9

Azithromycin (macrolide) and ceftriaxone (beta lactam)

Question 10

For test, know for antibiotics

Answer 10

cateogories
how they work/mechanisms
and examples

Question 11

impacggted wisdone tooth was removed. area had been sore but appearance of eruptions through the skin. exudates showed neg for aerobic. branched filamentous. what is causing abcess?

Answer 11

actinomyces israelii

Question 12

headache, chills and muscle aches with maculopapular rash with petechiae. Started on palms and soles and spread inward. What is the bacteria?

Answer 12

This is rocky mountain spotted fever

rickettsia rickettsii which is transmitted by dermacentor tick

Question 13

Prowazekii rash

Answer 13

starts on trunk and moves outwards

Question 14

No gram stain could mean organism is

Answer 14

intracelluar or does not have a cell wall

Question 15

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Answer 15

cold agglutin (IgM) titers are a clue
these are directed to glycolipids on the bacteria
at cold temps, it crosses reacts with a molecule of RBCs

Question 16

what test is being performed when serum test is done by cross reacting antibodies with RBCs

Answer 16

Cold agglutin test

Question 17

Legionella likes what kind of envirnoment?

Answer 17

humid

Question 18

Q fever

Answer 18

Coxiella

from cows

Question 19

during maturation of T cells in thymus, immature T cell expresses several molecules to assist the cell in navigating within the thymus. VLLA4 and VLA5 help keep the immature lymphocyte in the thymus by binding to what?

Answer 19

VLA 6 - binds laminin
4 and 5 binds fibronectin - this is the answer
collectins - recognize certain patterns

Question 20

45 male pt shows glucose level 150 after a meal. whats going on? normal is 110

Answer 20

high levels of G6P

with energy coming, you are filling pathways, excess sugar goes to fat after glycogen storage is filled (about a days worth can be stored)

Question 21

Fat and sugars in general are

Answer 21

storage forms of electrons

Question 22

catabolism is

Answer 22

oxidative

release of energy

Question 23

45 yo obese male shows glucose at 135 after an overnight fast. normal is 110 which tissue has the highest specific rate of glucose utilization? what has lowest rate of ATP production?

Answer 23

brain does not use most ATP
Muscle is not lowest ATP consumer
RBCs have no mitochondria so use a ton of glucose, use only glycolysis.
Cardia not lowest ATP production

Question 24

45 yo male shows glucose of 135 after an overnight fast. what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?

Answer 24

PFK1
Hexokinase is regulated
PFK2 - makes regulatory molecule F26BP

Question 25

Pt is alcoholic. hasnt eaten. Why is patient hypoglycemic?

Answer 25

High NADH/NAD+ ratio impaired gluconeogenesis
ethanol to acetic acid requires NAD+ generate large amount of NADH
major gluconeo precursors ___ ____ ___ are diverted to generate more NAD for ethanol metabolism
glycerol lactate and AA

Question 26

irrversible injury to myocardial fibers, what changes occured?

Answer 26

nuclear pyknosis

Question 27

Dysplasia of tissue and how do you identify?

Answer 27

dysplasia - disorganization of the tissue

Question 28

differentiate between changes that take place during hyperplasia vs. metaplasia

Answer 28

be able to ID these changes in histo slides

remember to use context clues from the question stem

Question 29

Pt EKG say MI happened. Acute MI. thrombus in coronary artery. TPA infused. Reperfusion in ischemic heart tissue caused by release of activated ROS from what cells?

Answer 29

Neutrophils

Question 30

what kind of collagen is seen in Breast cancer?

Answer 30

collagen type V

Question 31

Enzyme deficiency lecture, Kid with coarse facial features, what molecule is being accumulated?

Answer 31

Mucopolysaccharidoses disease

accumulates Heparin Sulfates

Question 32

HIV Pt is rapid progressor. What is regulatory gene product?

Answer 32

tat

Question 33

Acute HIV - recognize how

How would test for acute HIV infection?

Answer 33

this is before there is seroconversion (happens at about 12 weeks)- cells begin to make IgG so cant do the antibody test until seroconversion
Acute HIV characterized by viremia, rash, lymphadenopathy
Acute HIV about up until 6 weeks after infection
Look for p24 antigen and then RNA/DNA specific to virus

Question 34

Cox B virus complications?

Answer 34

myocarditis
pericarditis
b4 - juvenile diabetes