concept review questions Flashcards
reducing end of sugar?
end that is free and unbound carbon for reactions
person has mitochondrial disorder where lack malate and aspartate shuttles what would be expected during fasting?
OAA would be trapped in the mitochondria
Two alleles for given trait, Ga and Gb, if the genotype frequency of GaGa is 25%, what is the genotype frequency for the heterozygous?
use p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
each term is geno frequency
p and q are allele frequency
so p = 0.5 then q = 0.5
question 84 from buxtons book?
what antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase?
so would be drug that inhibits DNA synthesis
Fluoroquinolones - so cipro,
question 85
pt with pseudomonas septicemia and given b lactam antibiotic with is only against aerobic, gram neg bacteria. What antibiotic was she given?
Monobactam - Aztroenam
Question 87
22yo with PID. Requires coverage of anaerobes. What antibiotic should she be given?
clindamycin or metronidazole
Macrollides
block protein synthesis
what can cross the BBB?
ceftriaxone
Question 90
child develops impetigo. Given antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. What drug did the child receive?
Ampicillin or cephalexin are choices
but most likely S. Aureus so pick cephalexin (are resistant to penicillinases made by s. Aureus)
question 91
pt with CA pneumonia.
Given two antibiotic one block protein syntehsis by binding 50 s and other is beta lactam. What antibiotics was she given?
Azithromycin (macrolide) and ceftriaxone (beta lactam)
For test, know for antibiotics
cateogories
how they work/mechanisms
and examples
impacggted wisdone tooth was removed. area had been sore but appearance of eruptions through the skin. exudates showed neg for aerobic. branched filamentous. what is causing abcess?
actinomyces israelii
headache, chills and muscle aches with maculopapular rash with petechiae. Started on palms and soles and spread inward. What is the bacteria?
This is rocky mountain spotted fever
rickettsia rickettsii which is transmitted by dermacentor tick
Prowazekii rash
starts on trunk and moves outwards
No gram stain could mean organism is
intracelluar or does not have a cell wall
Mycoplasma pneumonia
cold agglutin (IgM) titers are a clue
these are directed to glycolipids on the bacteria
at cold temps, it crosses reacts with a molecule of RBCs
what test is being performed when serum test is done by cross reacting antibodies with RBCs
Cold agglutin test
Legionella likes what kind of envirnoment?
humid
Q fever
Coxiella
from cows
during maturation of T cells in thymus, immature T cell expresses several molecules to assist the cell in navigating within the thymus. VLLA4 and VLA5 help keep the immature lymphocyte in the thymus by binding to what?
VLA 6 - binds laminin
4 and 5 binds fibronectin - this is the answer
collectins - recognize certain patterns
45 male pt shows glucose level 150 after a meal. whats going on? normal is 110
high levels of G6P
with energy coming, you are filling pathways, excess sugar goes to fat after glycogen storage is filled (about a days worth can be stored)
Fat and sugars in general are
storage forms of electrons
catabolism is
oxidative
release of energy
45 yo obese male shows glucose at 135 after an overnight fast. normal is 110 which tissue has the highest specific rate of glucose utilization? what has lowest rate of ATP production?
brain does not use most ATP
Muscle is not lowest ATP consumer
RBCs have no mitochondria so use a ton of glucose, use only glycolysis.
Cardia not lowest ATP production
45 yo male shows glucose of 135 after an overnight fast. what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?
PFK1
Hexokinase is regulated
PFK2 - makes regulatory molecule F26BP
Pt is alcoholic. hasnt eaten. Why is patient hypoglycemic?
High NADH/NAD+ ratio impaired gluconeogenesis
ethanol to acetic acid requires NAD+ generate large amount of NADH
major gluconeo precursors ___ ____ ___ are diverted to generate more NAD for ethanol metabolism
glycerol lactate and AA
irrversible injury to myocardial fibers, what changes occured?
nuclear pyknosis
Dysplasia of tissue and how do you identify?
dysplasia - disorganization of the tissue
differentiate between changes that take place during hyperplasia vs. metaplasia
be able to ID these changes in histo slides
remember to use context clues from the question stem
Pt EKG say MI happened. Acute MI. thrombus in coronary artery. TPA infused. Reperfusion in ischemic heart tissue caused by release of activated ROS from what cells?
Neutrophils
what kind of collagen is seen in Breast cancer?
collagen type V
Enzyme deficiency lecture, Kid with coarse facial features, what molecule is being accumulated?
Mucopolysaccharidoses disease
accumulates Heparin Sulfates
HIV Pt is rapid progressor. What is regulatory gene product?
tat
Acute HIV - recognize how
How would test for acute HIV infection?
this is before there is seroconversion (happens at about 12 weeks)- cells begin to make IgG so cant do the antibody test until seroconversion
Acute HIV characterized by viremia, rash, lymphadenopathy
Acute HIV about up until 6 weeks after infection
Look for p24 antigen and then RNA/DNA specific to virus
Cox B virus complications?
myocarditis
pericarditis
b4 - juvenile diabetes
