Computer test - Urinary Tract Flashcards
What type of stones can be seen with an US ?
- only the inorganic
- only the organic
- struvite and oxalate
- all of them
All of them
Which is not a kidney evaluation parameter ?
Creatinine kinase
What can be the cause for :
- Kidney enlargement
- Smaller kidney
- Kidney pain
- Kidney enlargement : acute nephritis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis (swelling), tumor (asymmetric enlargement)
- Smaller size : renal fibrosis, chronic nephritis, renal dysplasia
- Pain : renal stones, tumour, acute nephritis, pyelonephritis
Which is the most important way to examine the UT ?
Urinanalysis
Inspection
Abdominal palpation
Which is the most important part of urinary diagnostics ?
Laboratory examinations of urine and blood
Urinanalysis
Inspection
Abdominal palpation
What are the signs of kidney failure ?
Chronic : smaller size
What is false about the physical exam of kidney ?
- Right kidney is usually not palpable in horses
- Enlarged kidney size is always associated with renal disease in cats
- Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic rena diseases in dogs
- Painful kidney might indicate acute disease, renal stone or tumour
- Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic rena diseases in dogs
Examination of the UT ,
Insepction, abdominal palpation (SA), rectal palpation (LA), digital palpation (SA), percussion (LA)
Additional exams : KTtherisation, lab exams (urinalysis, blood), radiographs, US, endoscopy/laparoscopy/cystoscopy, biopsy, laparotomy
Signs of reduced concentration ability
Polyuria, polydipsia
Signs of uraemia
Anorexia, vomitus, soporose
Signs of protein loss due to glomerular disease
Oedema, ascites
Signs of decreased reservoir function
Retention/incontinence
Signs of dysfunction of micturition
Dysuria
What is periuria ?
Urinating outside of the litter box
Species where only left kidney is palpable ?
Dog, goat, sheep
Horse
Species where both kidneys are palpable ?
Cat
Lab examination of urine ?
- pH
- Specific gravity
- Keton
- Glucose
- Protein
- Puss
- Blood/haemoglobine
- Bilirubin-level
- Urobilinogen
- Sediments
Examination of the urinary bladder in small animals (all except horse & cattle) ?
- Inspection
- Abdominal palpation :
- Normal condition empty (sometimes in SA a thickening of the bladder can be palpated) or distended
- Pathological conditions (Acute dilatation of the UB, chronic dilatation of the UB, thickened wall , pain, stones)
- Undulation test
Examination of the urinary bladder in horse and cattle ?
Inspection
Percussion
Rectal palpation
Examination of the urethra in females ?
Vaginal examination
- Inspection (opening of the urethra)
- Palpation
- Catheterisation
Examination of the urethra in males ?
- Rectal examination (except cats) → palpation (pelvic part)
- Examination of perineum →Inspection (perineal part), palpation
- Examination of the prepuce and penis: inspection (penile part and opening of the urethra), palpation (penile part and opening of urethra) catheterisation
Examination of the prostate
Male dogs
- Palpation (abdominal/rectal-digital : size, shape, symmetry, consistency, pain) and visualization (x-ray, US)
- Urinalysis
- Examination of prostatic fluid (prostatic massage)
- Examination of semen
- Cytology, biopsy
