Computer test - GI tract Flashcards
Dental formula in dog ?
3I, 1C, 4P, 2M/3I, 1C, 4P, 3M
Indications and diseases for oesophagoscopy ?
Indications : Dysphagia Regurgitation Foreign bodies Oesophagal strictures
Diseases : Megaoesophagus Oesophagitis Patent ductus arteriosus Hiatal hernia Worms
Indications and diseases for gastroscopy ?
Indications : Dysphagia Regurgitation Chronic vomiting Foreign bodies Hematemesis Melena
Diseases : Gastritis Ulcers Neoplasia Pyloric obstruction Gastric mobility disorder
Indications and diseases for duodenoscopy ?
Indications : Chronic vomiting Hematemesis Melena Chronic diarrhea
Diseases :
IBS - Infl bowel disease
Lymphengiectasia
Indications and diseases for colonoscopy ?
Indications : Tenesmus Haematochezia Dyschezia Rectal masses Faecal mucus Large bowel diarrhoea Blood in faeces
Diseases : Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma Cecal inversion Colitis
Is ascite an indication for GI endoscopy ?
Ascites
How many hours must you leave after eating, in order to avoid post-prandial lipeamia ?
12 hrs
What organs can you palpate in the cat’s abdomen ?
- Right kidney
- Left kidney
- Urinary bladder
- Small intestines
- Colon
- Liver
- Ovaries
- LN
- Right kidney
- Left kidney
- Urinary bladder
- Small intestines
- Colon
- Liver
What is not palpable in horse rectal examination ?
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Pelvis
- Inguinal ring
- Left kidney
- Right kidney
- Cecum
- Liver
- Pelvis flexure
- Prostate
- Ampulla of the colon
- Nephrosplenic ligament
- Stomach
- Right kidney
- Liver
What is true about the horse ?
- Stomach touches wall
- Right colon attached
- Right colon is free
- Stomach does not touch the wall
- Left colon attached
- Left colon is free
- Long soft palate
- Long epiglottis
- Acute angle of oesophagus into stomach
- Right colon attached
- Stomach does not touch the wall
- Left colon is free
- Long soft palate
- Acute angle of oesophagus into stomach
What can be examined on the teeth ?
- Stones
- Position
- Surface
- Closure
- Number
- Mm
- Tartar
- Movability
- Percussion sound
- Stones
- Surface
- Closure
- Number
- Tartar
- Movability
- Percussion sound
Cause of iron deficiency anaemia ?
GI bleeding
Part of rumen with mild tympanic sound .
Upper 1/3rd
18 month-old calf full capacity ?
135-180 liters
What is true about abomasal displacement ?
- 90% is on the right
- Metallic sound on auscultation
- Splashing sound with ballottement
- Tincking with percussion
- Splashing sound with ballottement
How to examine if there is free fluid and gas in right abdomen of ruminants ?
- Inspection : size, presence, grade of bloat
- Palpation : ruminal contraction at left flank
- Percussion : normal upper 1/3 mild tympanic - ventral 2/3 - dull and in froathy bloat, we hear moderaltely tympanic
- Auscultation
- Additional exams : rumen fluid, rumenotomy, rectal examination
Which part of the rumen is tympanic ?
Upper 1/3rd → tympanic
Lower 2/3rd → dull
In case of hepatopathy, AST is
- useless
- specific
- always going up and good evaluation
Useless
Different % in cattle :
- Rumen : … % on …. side
- Reticulum : …% , near the ……. on the …… ICS, …..
- Omasum : …% on …. side and …..al, ….. ICS
- Abomasum : …% in contact with ….., on …..al part of the abdomen
- Rumen : 80 % on left side
- Reticulum :50% , near the xyphoid process on the 6-9th ICS, on the left
- Omasum : 7-8% on right side and ventral, 6-9th ICS
- Abomasum : 8% in contact withthe abdominal wall, on ventral part of the abdomen
Abomasal displacement symptoms
- Often does not eat
- No ruminal function.
- Due to gas.
- 90% to the left
- Auscultation- Tinkling sound.
- Auscultation with ballottement- Splashing sound
- Auscultation with percussion- Metallic sound.
F/T : horses have a sharp angle of oesophagus to stomach
True
Dental formula in cats ?
I3/C1/P3/M1
I3/C1/P2/M1
History for GI tract disorders ?
Eating, drinking, weight loss, eating behaviour (picking up, chewing, swallowing), vomitus, regurgitation, defecation (position, frequency, pain, tenesmus, incontinence), anus (observation, palpation), feces (quantity/quality, odour, color, form, consistency, abnormal component), distended abdomen…
Examination of the GI tract ?
Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
Extra exams :
Rectal examination, clinicopathological examinations, Xrays (contrast), gastric emptying, US, laparotomy/scopy, fluoroscopy, abdmonicentesis, biopsy, FNA, CT, MRI
Amount of faeces/species/day (kg) ?
- Horse
- Cattle
- Goat/sheep/swine
- Dog
- Horse : 15-20 kg
- Cattle : 15-30 kg
- Goat/sheep/swine : 1-3 kg
- Dog : 50-300g
What to check concerning oral parts of GI tract ?
Outer parts: Lips, chewing, musculature (cheeks), facial bones
Inner parts: Cheeks, mucous membrane, teeth, tongue (FMD !!!), hard and soft palate, pharynx, tonsils, salivary glands and salivation
What to check concerning oesophagus ?
Outer inspection, palpation
Passing of orogastric tube
Radiography, endoscopy
What to check concerning abdomen and anus ?
→ Methods: Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, undulation test, rectal examination
→ Organs and sequence of examination: Abdomen (wall, cavity), stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, anus, rectum → Other palpable organs (depends on the species): Spleen, Kidney, Bladder, Ovaries, Uterus, Prostate
→ Description of the palpatory findings: Localisation, shape, size, relation to their neighbourhood, painfulness, surface, consistency
What can cause hypersalivation ?
Drooling due to Aujeszky’s disease/paralysis of trigeminus
Uraemia, ulcus (color of the basement, how sharp is the edge…Teeth stones (cremor dentium)
Distemper
Tartar
Epulis (fibroma)
Prognatia superior: abnormal position of teeth
Tonsillitis (unilateral : foreign body, tumor; if it is symmetrical, red : tonsillitis)
Foreign body (basis of the tongue, soft palate, oesophagus,..)
What can cause buccal ulcers ?
FIV Stomatitis FeLV Panleukopenia Rhinotracheitis Calicivirus infections Bordetella infections, Uraemia, and hyper eosinophilic syndrome
Inspection of the abdomen standpoints ?
Size, form (from above and both sides, change of the body position), skin surface, hair coat, local deformities, masses
→ Ascites, torsion, obesity, pregnancy, obstipatio
Palpation of the abdomen standpoints ?
Done in STANDING position, with one and two hands, SYSTEMATICALLY from cranial to caudal, superficial – deep. Starts with the relaxation of the dog/abdomen
→ Painfulness: Acute abdomen (Ileus, pancreatitis, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, spinal cord, etc.)
→ Temperature
→ Abdominal wall Thickness, defance
→ Palpable digestive organs: Stomach after feeding only, liver, intestinal tract, (LN), (pancreas), foreign bodies, ball of faeces
Percussion of the abdomen standpoints ?
Finger to finger
→ Abnormal findings: * organs filled with gas and/or fluid
* organ enlargement (local damping with fixed position)
Undulation test : is there fluid ?
→ Undulation/pseudo-undulation
→ Ascitis, FIP,
→ Obstipation, megacolon, ileus , …
→ Gastric torsion, intestine torsion, …
→ Cushing: enlarged liver, fat accumulation, abdominal wall: thin muscle layer and skin
Auscultation of the abdomen standpoints ?
Detection of intestinal sounds (borborygmi)
Detection of changes of normal sound
Splashing
Crepitation
Examination of the anus ?
Inspection, outer palpation
Rectal digital palpation
Rectal palpation (LA) : constipation, bones, prostate, LN
- Rectoscopy
Visible abdominal pain symptoms in cattle ?
Kyphosis
Arched back
Forelegs wide apart, elbows turned out
Anatomy changes of bovine stomach ?
Calf → Small reticulum; abomasum = 2xrumen
10-12 weeks → Abomasum = 1/2 rumen
4 months → Rumen + reticulum = 4x (omasum+abomasum)
6 month → considered as polygastric (sometimes often later)
18 months → full capacity 135-180L
Localisation of abdominal organs in cattle ?
Rumen : 80% LHS
Reticulum : 50% middle of abdomen, to the left, xyphoid process, 6-9th ICS
Omasum : 7-8% RHS, ventral, 6-9 ICS
Abomasum : 8% in contact with abdominal wall, ventral
Examination of rumen
- Inspection – size, presence & grade of bloat (distension) : free gas, in small bulls, …
- Palpation on the left flank – ruminal contraction/5 minutes and intensity (depending on the function of rumen and feeding content) – LHS – use 4 fingers
- Percussion
- Normal : Upper 1/3rd = mild tympanic // Ventral 2/3rd = dull (more fluid and food content)
- Frothy bloat – gases are finely dispersed so sounds is mildly tympanic. Rumen receptors for eructation = sensitive to gas → solving the foamy form of gas automatically solves the eructation problem.
- Auscultation – continuous mild crackling sound – gurgling fluid and booming gassy sounds : rumen motility
- Other exams – ruminal fluid, rectal exams, rumenograph, rumenotomy (diagnostic/therapeutic – to extract piece of iron,…)
Ruminal bloat standpoints ?
In calves – caused by putrefying milk (half apple in the left side)
Often alfalfa overfeeding – can be herd issue
Distended rumen on LHS
Hoflund syndrome standpoints ?
Left side = half apple / right side = half pear
Anterior functional stenosis – often pinched N. Vagus → less ruminal movement – causes distended LHS flank. The ruminal content is cream-like, frothy (instead of crunchy, with pieces). The causing bacteria has crossed-reaction with Brucella : so when we have a positive sample to Brucella, first examine the animal to exclude this case.
Overfeefing in cattle standpoints ?
Rumen content is fluid, yellow-like. Special sound of the ruminal content (watery-like when the animal is moving). Solve with nasogastric tube, careful of the high pressure content (use a large diameter, and direct the tube towards the floor, or there will be a risk to move the fluid in the trachea). Numerous animals are sick and have to be cured individually. Do not use antibiotics.
Pain probes description (5) ?
To examine the RETICULUM pain
* Kalchschmidt probe (zone test) : end inspiration, start expiration : scratch hair of flank- pain causes stopped expiration and grunts
- Back grip : end expiration – lift skin of back – causes grunts
- Knee-elbow test : slowly lift fist into abdomen, and suddenly release it back. Take care of breeding bulls, high productive diary cows (painful milk vein)
- Pain percussion : rubber hammer – tap on opposite side to accustom the animal, then on reticulum
- Pole test : lift pole from rear on both sides – move forward and await grunts
Additional exams for reticulum ?
- Blood counts
- Glutaraldehyde test – over 1.5 years – 5ml in 20ml syringe with 5 ml blood – if coagulates in 20 sec – shows inflammation – abnormal albumin: globulin levels
- Abdominocentesis – but cattle blood rich in fibrinogen (Healthy – white / Peritonitis – mix of few drops with 3-5ml acetic acid and 100 ml water)
- Rumenotomy
How to check if content passes through omasum ?
Give CuSO4 then 10 min later take abdominal centesis
Abomasal dislocations standpoints ?
Caused by gas
- Auscultation - tinkling sound
- Auscultation with ballottement – splashing sound
- Auscultation with percussion – steel band effect – metallic
- RHS – 10% - RDA – poor prognosis
- LHS – 90% - LDA – better prognosis → abomasocentesis
Colic in horses symptoms ?
Either restlessness (→ pain later – Torsion) or restlessness and pain started together Eating issue/e teeth issue Do not allow rolling! Horse may watch/kick abdominal cavity Dog-like sitting
What are the salivary glands to inspect in horses ?
Gl. parotis, mandibularis, sublingualis polystomatica minor Buccal glands (dorsal/ventral)
Normal abdominal percussion sounds in horses ?
Dorsal/medium 1/3rd : dull tympanic
Ventral 1/3rd : dull
Examination of pancreas in horses ?
No imaging or physical examination
→ Amylase, lipase
→ Peritoneal fluid (not specific)
Examination of liver in horses ?
Deep in the diaphragmatic dome, assymetrical
No physical examination
→ US, biopsy
→ Serum level of hepatic enzymes, bile salts, ammonia levels, glucose, bilirubin, clotting factors, plasma proteins…
Rectal palpation in horses - palpable organs ?
40% of the abdomen is palpable Mucous membrane Ampulla of rectum Bony pelvis Internal inguinal ring Prostate Vagina, uterus, ovaries Urinary bladder Small colon Abdominal aorta Cranial root of mesentery Left kidney Spleen Nephrosplenic ligament Nephrosplenic space Peritoneum Left ventral, dorsal colon Pelvic flexure Ampulla of colon Head of caecum Ventral, medial taenia of cecum
Organ location for abdominal US in horses ?
- Stomach : left side 10-15 ICS, medial to hylus of the spleen. Examine content, wall thickness, size..
- Small intestines : duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Caecum : right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum. Examine wall thickness, content.
- Large intestine : wall thickness, content (gas vs fluid), displacements
Indications for abdominal US in horses ?
Colic, weight loss, anorexia, pyrexia, leucocytosis, leucopenia, elevated plasma fibrinogen, abnormal Xray findings, elevated liver enzymes or kidney values, abnormal peritoneal fluid,….
Indications for abdominal Xrays in horses ?
Check NG tube placement in neonatal foals, diagnose certain diseases in neonates , detect sand in the ventral colon, detect enteroliths
Colic data sheet :
- Pulse
- CRT
* Pulse : < 42 ok 42-60 passable 60-80 bad 90-100 severe 100-120 little chance
- Capillary refill time
2 sec ok
3-4 sec long
5+ very poor circulation 6+ life threatened
