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CD General subjects > Computer test - Reproductive organs, haematopoïetic organs, endocrine organs > Flashcards

Computer test - Reproductive organs, haematopoïetic organs, endocrine organs Flashcards

1
Q

Which are anticoagulants ?

A

Heparin
EDTA
Citrate

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2
Q

How to examine spleen ?

A

Palpation, percussion, rectal examination in LA

CBC, US, radiography, FNA/cytology, biopsy

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3
Q

Adrenal glands examination ?

A

CBC (stress leukogram)
Biochemistry (ALKP, SIAP, NA/K ratio)
ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
US, CT

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4
Q

Examination of the prostate gland ?

A 
Palpation → abdominal/rectal/digital
Visualization → X-ray, US
Urinalysis
Examination of prostatic fluid → prostatic massage
Examination of semen
Cytology, biopsy
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5
Q

Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis, but clear urine ?

A

Injury to penis (wound, bone fracture)

Prostate problem

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6
Q

Which species have/has physiological palpable ovarian glands ?

  • Cattle
  • Cat
  • Dog
  • Horse
  • Sheep
  • Goat
A
  • Cattle

- Horse

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7
Q

In which species can the uterus be palpated physiologically ?

A

Horse, cattle

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8
Q

How to check the pancreas ?

A

Amylase and lipase biochemical parameters

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9
Q

What to check for testes ?

A
  • Localization
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Structure
  • Surface
  • Painfulness
  • Symmetry
  • Movability
  • Consistency
  • Cryptochirdism → testes should have descended by 6 months of age (Sertoli cell tumour can cause hyper-oestrogenism)
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10
Q

When is RDW (Red cell Distribution Width) elevated ?

A

Regenerative anaemia

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11
Q

In case of hepatopathy AST is :

  • Specific
  • Always increased, good for evaluation
  • useless
A

Useless

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12
Q

Which aditional mehod for examining the bone marrow is not correct ?

  • Abdominal US
  • Xray
  • CT, MRI
  • Scintigraphy
  • Biopsy
  • CBC
  • FNA
  • Biopsy of LN
  • Cytology
  • ALKP
A
  • Abdominal US
  • Xray
  • Scintigraphy
  • Biopsy
  • ALKP (osteolysis)

CBC in case of septic disease
Scintigraphy in case of malignancy
ALKP in cse of oesteolysis

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13
Q

Examination of the male reproductive tract ?

A

NATIONALE (age, neutering)
& HISTORY (libido, mating, fertility, urination/defecation, preputial discharge) must not be forgotten !!

Inspection, palpation (percussion if hernia) of scrotum (testes, epididymis), penis, prepuce, prostate gland, (inguinal ring)

Additional methods :
Xrays (penis, prostate)
US (testes, prostate)
Cytology, biopsy (testes, prostate)
Urinary KT (bloody urine)
Bacterial culture (prostate abscess)
Diagnostic laparotomy/scopy
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14
Q

Examination of female reproductive tract

A

HISTORY (vulvar discharge, oestrus cycle, mating, pregnancy/pseudo-pregnancy, parturition and post-partum period, hormone therapy, neutering, abdominal distension) and NATIONALE (age, neutering) must not be forgotten !

Inspection, palpation of vulve, perivulvar area, vagina/vestibulum, abdomen (mammary glands, uterus, ovaries)

Extra exams : 
Blood check (CBC, biochem)
Cytology (vaginal smears)
Microbiology (discharge, milk)
Hormone measurements (P4, estrogens)
US (uterus, ovaries)
Xrays
Vaginoscope
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15
Q

Are ovaries and uterus palpable in physiological conditions in dog/cat ?

A

NO (except pregnancy for the uterus)

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16
Q

Are ovaries and uterus palpable in physiological conditions in horse/cattle ?

A

Yes (rectal)

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17
Q

Examination of the bone marrow

A 
In case of anaemia, thrombocytopenia
Alteration of other organs (Mm, LN)
Extra exams 
CBC
FNA and cytology of LN
Bone marrow aspiration cytology of bone marrow (femur, os ileum, humerus)
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18
Q

What bones for bone marrow aspiration ?

A

Femur, ileum, humerus

19
Q

Examination of the spleen

A

Palpation (ONLY in horse in physiological conditions), percussion, rectal examination

Extra exams
CBC
US
Xrays
FNA/biopsy if enlarged
20
Q

In which species is the spleen palpable in normal conditions ?

A

HORSE

21
Q

Where is the spleen located ?

A

Dog, cat, swine: behind stomach, on the left side, tongue shaped → very easy to mix liver lobe with spleen
Horse: Rectal examination in front and under left flank, parallel with the costal arch, triangle-shaped, 2-4 cm in thickness, sharp-edged with smooth surface, moderately tensed, homogenous structure
Cattle: rectally usually not reachable (arms are too short…), behind the diaphragm, on the craniolateral part of the rumen

22
Q

In which cases can we have a splenomegaly ?

A

Infectious etiology, immune-mediated disorders, tumours (haematoma, nodular hyperplasia

23
Q

Which are the endocrine glands ?

A 
Hypophysis (influencing activity of many glands and their secretion) 
Thyroid gland 
Parathyroid gland 
Adrenal glands 
Pancreas (Langerhans Islet cells) 
Genital glands (ovaries, testes)
24
Q

What to examine if you suspect endocrine glands disorders ?

A 
Appearance
Behavior
T°
Locomotion, endurance
Appetite
Water intake
Reproductive functions
Coat, skin
Previous medication

Extra exams :
‐Thyroid gland: T4, TSH, anti-TGB, T3
US, scintigraphy, CT
Urinalysis

-Adrenal gland: CBC (stress leukogram)
Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA/K ration)
ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
US, CT

‐Pancreas: Blood glucose, Fructose-amine Insulin

25
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe obesity ?

A

Hypothy, hyperadre

26
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe weight loss ?

A

Hyperthyr, Hypoadre

27
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe lethargy ?

A

Hyperadre, Hypothyr

28
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe restlesness ?

A

Hyperthyr (cats)

29
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a preference for warm ?

A

Hypothyr

30
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a preference for cold ?

A

Hyperthyr

31
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a decrease in endurance ?

A

hyperadr, hypoadr, hypothyr

32
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a dicreased appetite ?

A

hypoadre, diabetic ketoacidosis

33
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe an increased appetite ?

A

Hyperadr, hyperthyr, diabete mellitus

34
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe an increased water intake ?

A

diabete mellitus, hyperadr, central diabete insipidus

35
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a decrease in reproductive functions ?

A

hypothyr, hyperadr

36
Q

In which case of endocrine glands disorders can you observe a modification of coat/skin ?

A

Hypothyr, hyperadr, hyperestrogenism

37
Q

Symptoms in case of hypothyroidism ?

A

Obesity (decreased metabolic rate), lethargy (“lazy dog”), preference of warm, ↓ of locomotion, endurance, ↓ of reproductive fonctions (suppressed), influence on coat (alopecia, rat tail) and skin (thciker skin, big wrinkles due to neuropathy / myxoedema), “stupid face”, neural dysfunction (innervation problem), enlarged heart, decreased heart function

38
Q

Symptoms in case of hyperthyroidism ?

A

Cats +++
Palpable thyroid glands
Weight loss (hypermetabolism), restlesness (behavioural change), preference of cold, increased appetite, high blood pressure, heavy breathing, heart hypertrophy

39
Q

Symptoms in case of hyperadrenocorticism ?

A

Obesity, pot belly, ↓ of locomotion, endurance (muscle atrophy), increased appetite (polyphagia) & water intake, increased urination rate (polydipsia) influence on coat (alopecia) and skin (thinner)

40
Q

Symptoms in case of hypoadrenocorticism ?

A

weight loss, ↓ locomotion, endurance, decreased appetite

41
Q

Symptoms in case of diabete mellitus ?

A

Increased appetite, water intake

42
Q

Symptoms in case of diabetes mellitus ?

A

Decreased insulin level or insulin sensitivity

Increased water intake, increased appetite

43
Q

Symptoms in case of diabetic ketoacidosis ?

A

Decreased appetite

CD General subjects (14 decks)

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